GEI Exam 3

Question 1

most essential molecule for all living things

Answer 1

water

Question 2

How humans are constantly losing water

Answer 2

perspiration and exhalation

Question 3

amount of water needed to produce 1 tomato

Answer 3

3 gallons

Question 4

amount of water needed to produce 1 loaf of bread

Answer 4

150 gallons

Question 5

amount of water needed to produce 1 pound of beef

Answer 5

1,600 gallons

Question 6

amount of water needed to produce 1 ton of steel

Answer 6

63,000 gallons

Question 7

70% of global water usage

Answer 7

irrigation

Question 8

21% of global water usage

Answer 8

public supply

Question 9

11% of global water usage

Answer 9

industry

Question 10

rank of top 3 water usages

Answer 10

1. irrigation
2. public supply
3. industry

Question 11

How much water does Earth have (cubic km)

Answer 11

~1.4 billion cubic km of water

Question 12

ocean water makes up what percentage of water on Earth

Answer 12

97%

Question 13

largest reservoirs of fresh water (but unavailable)

Answer 13

glaciers, ice bergs, and sea ice

Question 14

largest available reservoir of fresh water

Answer 14

groundwater

Question 15

most commonly used water resources (but less than 0.01% of world’s water)

Answer 15

rivers and lakes

Question 16

contains 95% of Earth’s water

Answer 16

oceans

Question 17

average depth of the oceans

Answer 17

3.6 km (2.2 miles)

Question 18

maximum ocean depth (in Mariana Trench in Pacific)

Answer 18

11 km (7 miles)

Question 19

names of the 5 oceans

Answer 19

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern

Question 20

Increases in fall and water

partially melts in the spring and summer

overall decrease in last few decades

Answer 20

trend of ice mass

Question 21

White color of ice gives it an albedo (reflectivity) of 0.9 (0-1), which makes it…

Answer 21

good at reflecting sunlight

Question 22

Arctic animals include…

Answer 22

polar bears, foxes, puffins, reindeer, seals, etc.

Question 23

Antarctic animals include…

Answer 23

penguins, seals, whales, small invertebrates, etc.

Question 24

Arctic and Antarctic animals rely on ice for…

Answer 24

foraging

Question 25

Effects of melting polar ice

Answer 25

rising sea levels coastal flooding alteration of ocean circulation patterns, more severe weather events

Question 26

types of ice

Answer 26

1. glaciers 2. ice bergs 3. sea ice

Question 27

forms at the poles and on mountaintops snowfall compression into ice largest source of fresh water provides river water and groundwater to lower elevation

Answer 27

glaciers

Question 28

type of glacier typically >20,000 sq miles in size 2 major sheets in Greenland and Antarctica reduction allows permafrost to melt faster, releasing greenhouse gases

Answer 28

ice sheet

Question 29

type of glacier channels of moving ice sheets travel down slopes into sea

Answer 29

ice streams

Question 30

type of glacier edge of an ice sheet extending off land

Answer 30

ice shelves

Question 31

floating pieces of ice that broke off of ice sheets nutrients into ocean, helping aquatic life

Answer 31

ice bergs

Question 32

free-floating ice in polar regions excludes salt, allowing it to float

Answer 32

sea ice

Question 33

water located underground in saturated zone of soil and fractured rock recharged by precipitation and seepage

Answer 33

groundwater

Question 34

upper surface of the saturated zone

Answer 34

water table

Question 35

how much of U.S. population relies on groundwater for drinking

Answer 35

~50%

Question 36

large area of groundwater, often tapped with wells for irrigation

Answer 36

aquifer

Question 37

Reserve of groundwater located in most of NE, extending south to northern TX

Answer 37

Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer

Question 38

swamps, marshes, bogs saturated with water most of the year water-demanding or -tolerating plants carbon sequestration

Answer 38

wetlands

Question 39

important for irrigation, drinking water, biodiversity, and recreation >200,000 in U.S.

Answer 39

rivers

Question 40

joins together to form larger rivers

Answer 40

tributaries

Question 41

land area drained by a river and all its tributaries

Answer 41

watershed

Question 42

land adjacent to a river that floods frequently

Answer 42

floodplain

Question 43

determined settlement patterns all over the world

Answer 43

rivers

Question 44

created by impounding or damming a river ~1/2 of lakes in U.S.

Answer 44

reservoirs

Question 45

reduce local flooding, freshwater source in droughts, greater biodiversity, and recreation

Answer 45

benefits of reservoirs

Question 46

alters biodiversity, interferes with fish migration, displaces people and wildlife

Answer 46

negative impacts of reservoirs

Question 47

why most precipitation falls around equator

Answer 47

warmer air rises and cools, can't hold water vapor

Question 48

actual shortage of water

Answer 48

physical water scarcity

Question 49

countries lack money or infrastructure to supply safe, reliable water

Answer 49

economic water scarcity

Question 50

how many people lack access to clean drinking water and sanitation tech

Answer 50

over a billion people

Question 51

water supply solutions

Answer 51

1. aqueducts 2. reservoirs 3. desalination 4. fog nets

Question 52

irrigation water conservation

Answer 52

native crops drought-resistant GMO crops drip irrigation no-till farming recharging aquifers with treated waste water

Question 53

home conservation

Answer 53

water restrictions native vegetation low-flow showers and toilets fix leaky facets rain barrels for gardens

Question 54

contamination of water by a chemical, physical, or biological substance

Answer 54

water pollution

Question 55

small, identifiable places where pollution releases e.g. livestock manure, industrial factories

Answer 55

point sources

Question 56

when precipitation or irrigation runs off fields or neighborhoods carries pollutants over wide area e.g. fertilizer runoff or urban stormwater

Answer 56

nonpoint sources

Question 57

oil tanker ran aground in Alaska in 1989

Answer 57

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Question 58

offshore oil drilling platform in Gulf of Mexico spilled oil for 3 months, natural gas explosion

Answer 58

Deepwater Horizon

Question 59

Sources of water pollution

Answer 59

1. Agriculture 2. oil spills 3. industrial waste 4. physical pollution 5. thermal pollution 6. pathogens

Question 60

cause many diseases such as rotavirus, cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentary comes from sewage

Answer 60

pathogens

Question 61

from power plant cooling systems

Answer 61

thermal pollution

Question 62

steps to water treatment

Answer 62

1. screens and skimmers remove rubbish, large objects, fats, and grease 2. organic solids settle at bottom of tanks are treated by aerobic bacteria, then taken to landfill/incinerator 3. water through gravel/stone filter with bacteria for remaining organic matter 4. disinfection with chlorine, ozone, or UV light 5. discharge water into local river, groundwater recharge, or irrigation