A&P Exam 1 Study Guide 2

Question 1

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 1

create molecules which can pack closely together at room temperature forming solid at room temperature (ex. animal fats, butter) form of truglycerides

Question 2

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 2

• liquid at room temp. (ex. plant oils)
• Trans fats- modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and are unhealthy

Question 3

Simple diffusion

Answer 3

Molecules are able to passively diffuse through membrane

Question 4

Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins

Answer 4

water molecules use protein channels to move across the cell membrane

Question 5

ionic compounds

Answer 5

salts (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron)

Question 6

organic molecules

Answer 6

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, contains carbon

Question 7

inorganic molecules

Answer 7

water, salts, many acids and bases, no carbon

Question 8

structural proteins

Answer 8

mechanical support, collagen

Question 9

transport proteins

Answer 9

moving substances, hemoglobin

Question 10

contractile proteins

Answer 10

movement, actin and myosin

Question 11

communication proteins

Answer 11

transmitting signals between cells, hormones

Question 12

chemical work

Answer 12

ATP phosphorylates key reactants, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions

Question 13

mechanical work

Answer 13

ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can contract

Question 14

transport work

Answer 14

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes across cell membranes

Question 15

high heat capacity of water

Answer 15

ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change (prevents sudden temp. changes)

Question 16

high heat of vaporization of water

Answer 16

evaporation requires large amounts of heat. useful cooling mechanism. Sweat

Question 17

polar solvent properties of water

Answer 17

water molecules are polar, water is a solvent and can dissolve and dissociate ionic substances

Question 18

reactivity of water

Answer 18

It is an important reactant in many chemical reactions (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis)

Question 19

cushioning of water

Answer 19

Protects certain organs from physical trauma (Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain)

Question 20

monosaccharides

Answer 20

one single sugar (monomer), pentose sugars (Ribose and deoxyribose), Hexose sugars (glucose)

Question 21

disaccharrides

Answer 21

two sugar monomers, too large to pass through the cell membrane, sucrose, maltose, and lactose. formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides.

Question 22

polysaccharides

Answer 22

more than two sugar monomers, starch and glycogen

Question 23

triglycerides

Answer 23

called fats when solid and oils when liquid, three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis, energy storage, insulation, protection

Question 24

exocytosis

Answer 24

material is ejected from cell in secretory vesicle

Question 25

phagocytosis

Answer 25

Pseudopods form and flow around solid particles being englufed

Question 26

pinocytosis

Answer 26

Plasma membrane surrounds extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes, main way in which nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, kidneys

Question 27

intracellular vesicular trafficking

Answer 27

move substances from one area or an organelle to another area

Question 28

If the solute level in a cell increases, what will happen to the cell?

Answer 28

hypertonic, shrink

Question 29

Describe plasma membrane

Answer 29

flexible outer boundary, selectively permeable, lipid bilayer

Question 30

Do all three types of rna play a role in protein synthesis?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

Primary active transport

Answer 31

ATP, ex sodium potassium pumps

Question 32

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 32

substances bind to specific receptors in the membrane, enxymes, LDLs, iron, insulin, and flic acid, viruses

Question 33

tight junctions

Answer 33

impermeable junctions, form continuous seals around the cell, prevent molecules from passing between cells, epithelial cells of GI tract

Question 34

desmosomes

Answer 34

anchoring junctions, bind adjacent cells together like molecular Velcro, help keep cells from tearing apart, skin and heart

Question 35

pumps that move against the concentration gradient

Answer 35

Na/K pump

Question 36

proton acceptors

Answer 36

bases, they pick up hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 37

proton donors

Answer 37

acids, they release hydrogen ions in solution

Question 38

hydrolysis

Answer 38

monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Question 39

dehydration synthesis

Answer 39

Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

Question 40

phosphorylation of a transport protein

Answer 40

causes change in shape of transport protein

Question 41

What is the single most abundant protein in the body?

Answer 41

Collagen