A&P Exam 3 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is the is process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body’s cells?
A
Respiration
2
Q
What is known as the movement of air?
A
Ventilation
3
Q
What is known as the exchange of gases between air and lungs?
A
External respiration
4
Q
What is known as the exchange of gases between blood and body?
A
Internal respiration
5
Q
What is known as oxygen utilization and production of CO2?
A
Cellular respiration
6
Q
What are the four reasons why we breathe?
A
- Cellular respiration (or ATP)
- To get rid of CO2
- To regulate pH
- To provide oxygen
7
Q
What are the following all apart of: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Pharynx, Larynx?
A
Upper Respiratory Tract
8
Q
What are the following all apart of: Trachea, bronchial tree, lungs?
A
Lower Respiratory Tract
9
Q
How many lobes does the right lung have?
A
Three: Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes.
10
Q
How many lobes does the left lung have?
A
Two: Superior and Inferior lobes.
11
Q
What size microns are we able to cough or sneeze out?
A
Less than 10 microns, because smaller can enter airway.
12
Q
This starts with the trachea, and its branching airways resemble an upside-down tree.
A
Bronchial Tree
13
Q
What are the three parts of the bronchi (Top 3)?
A
- Right and left primary bronchi (left and right tubes)
- Secondary or lobar bronchi (branch from primary)
- Tertiary or segmental bronchi (supplies bronchopulmonary segments)
14
Q
What are the three parts of the bronchioles?
A
- Intralobular bronchioles.
- Terminal bronchioles.
- Respiratory bronchioles.
15
Q
What are the three parts of the alveoli?
A
- Alveolar ducts.
- Alveolar sacs.
- Alveoli.
16
Q
What is the site of gas exchange?
A
Alveoli
17
Q
What are the branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli called?
A
Bronchial Tree
18
Q
What are serviced by intralobular bronchioles?
A
Lobules
19
Q
How many terminal bronchioles occupy a lobule of lung?
A
50-80
20
Q
What condition clogs airways with thick, sticky mucus which attracts bacteria?
A
Cystic Fibrosis
21
Q
What does the alveolar wall consist of and how thick is the cell layer?
A
Simple squamous epithelial cells, and it’s one cell layer thick.
22
Q
This has a large surface area.
A
Alveoli, there are about 300 million alveoli in human lungs.
23
Q
This consists of two things, the wall of the alveolus and the wall of the capillary.
A
Respiratory Membrane
24
Q
These are Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs.
A
Lungs
25
What do the bronchus and large blood vessels enter through?
Hilum
26
What is located between visceral pleura and parietal pleura, and what is it's function?
The Pleural Cavity, and it reduces friction.
27
What is known as the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli?
Breathing
28
True or False: When lungs are at rest, the pressure on the inside of the lungs = the pressure on the outside of the thorax?
True
29
During this, intra-alveolar pressure decreases to about 758mm Hg as the thoracic cavity enlarges, and atmospheric pressure forces air into the airways.
Inspiration
30
During this, there's elastic recoil of the lung tissues and abdominal organs.
Expiration
31
During this, there's contraction of abdominal wall muscles, and also contraction of posterior internal intercostal muscles.
Maximum Expiration
32
What is the condition where the thoracic wall is punctured – atmospheric air enters pleural cavity to create space between visceral and parietal pleural membranes, and the lung collapses. It's treated by covering the wound and applying suction tube to reestablish negative pressure.
Pneumothorax
33
This condition is due to any type of obstructive lung disease and causes the diameter of the chest to be twice as big as normal.
Barrel Chest
34
This condition causes the sternum to be pushed out and is also referred to as a "Pigeon Chest".
Pectus Carniatum
35
This condition can cause breathing issues and heart palpitations and is also referred to as a "Caved Chest".
Pectus Excavatum
36
This is known as the air that remains in passageways of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Anatomic Dead Space
37
This is known as air sacs of the lung that are nonfunctional due to poor blood flow.
Alveolar Dead Space
38
Anatomic + Alveolar Dead Space = ?
Physiologic Dead Space
39
Normal, young, and healthy lungs.
Anatomic = Physiologic
39
This tool is used to measure respiratory air volumes.
Spirometer
40
This is referred to as normal breathing.
Eupnea
41
This is referred to as fast breathing.
Tachypnea
42
This is referred to as slow breathing.
Bradypnea
43
This is known as some's perception of being short of breath.
Dyspnea
44
This is known as being short of breath when you lie down.
Orthopnea
45
This is known as lacking air.
Apnea
46
This is known as the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during normal, quiet breathing. The average adult amount is 500ml.
Tidal volume (TV)
47
This is known as the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond a TV. The average for women is 2,000ml and men is 3,000ml.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
48
This is known as the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond a Tidal Volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (EPV)
49
This is known as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Residual volume (RV)
50
This capacity is known as the total amount of exchangeable air. (TV+IRV+ERV)
Vital Capacity
51
This capacity is known as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration. (RV+ERV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
52
This capacity is known as the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration. (IRV+TV)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
53
This is known as the sum of all lung volumes (approx. 6000 ml in males).
Total lung capacity (TLC)
54
This is known as abrupt and severe shortness of breath throughout the night, that frequently wakes a person up. It can be a sign of several underlying medical disorders, including congestive heart failure.
Paroxysmal Noctural Dyspnea
55
This type of respiratory center is known as primary and is located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. They detect changes in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). When changes are detected, the receptors send impulses to the respiratory centers in the brainstem that initiate changes in ventilation to restore normal pCO2.
Central Chemoreceptors
56
This type of respiratory center is located in both the carotid body and the aortic body. When low levels of oxygen are detected, afferent impulses travel via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brainstem. A number of responses are then coordinated which aim to restore pO2.
Perpheral Chemoreceptors
57
This part of the brain causes our involuntary breathing.
The Medulla
57
This part of the brain fine tunes our breathing.
The Pons
58
This part of the brain controls our voluntary breathing, ability to sing and hold a note, and to scream.
Cerebrum
59
Because of these, anxiety and fear get a response from the hypothalamus and causes us to breathe faster.
Emotions
60
This is a type of mechanoreceptor that are responsible for dissention of various organs and muscles and are neurologically linked to the medulla in the brain stem via afferent nerve fibers. Examples: causes sneezing or coughing and can even stop us from breathing.
Stretch Receptors
61
The two respiratory groups in the medulla are called:
The Dorsal Respiratory Group and the Ventral Respiratory Group.
61
These types of receptors are sense organs or cells that respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.
Mechanoreceptors
62
This respiratory group is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.
Pontine Respiratory Group (located in the Pons)
63
This respiratory group controls our diaphragm and has the most fundamental role in the control of respiration, initiating inspiration (inhalation).
Dorsal
64
This respiratory group has neurons that are active in forceful breathing and inactive during quiet, restful respirations.
Ventral
65
This type of center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing. It's also considered an antagonist to the center.
Pheumotaxic
66
This type of center produces abnormal breathing during inhalation. If you hear this type of breathing, death is imminent.
Apneustic
67
This is known as a lack of breathing for 10-20 seconds when sleeping. Most of the time it's cause is from a person's tongue following back and blocking their airway. IT causes fatigue, headache, drowsiness, and depression.
Sleep Apnea
68
This is known as the amount of gas in fluid.
Partial Pressure
69
True or False: as hydrogen ions and CO2 increase, it makes pH go down to be more acidic.
True, you're breathe deeper (depth) and faster (rate).
70
True or False: as hydrogen ions and CO2 decrease, it makes pH increase to become more basic.
True
71
True or False: Aortic and Carotid Bodies are backups and respond mostly to O2.
True, if O2 levels are less than 50% of what they should be, they kick in.
72
This reflex keeps the lungs from overinflating with air.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
73
True or False: when performing intense workouts, the creation of lactic acid surpasses utilization, and the acid enters your blood.
True
74
What are arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus?
Afferent Arteriole
75
Alcohol and coffee are examples of drinks that include chemicals that increase urine production in the kidneys. These types of chemicals are called:
Diuretics
76
Increased blood pressure would lead to the following:
Increased urine production
77
Water leaves the nephron by this mechanism:
Osmosis
78
What part of the nephron is connected to the glomerulus?
The proximal tubule
79
Promotes increased production of urine.
Diuretic
80
"Cyst"
Bladder
81
"Podocyte"
Foot Cell
82
"Parietal"
Pertaining to the wall of a cavity.
83
"Glom"
Little Ball
84
A healthy urinary bladder can hold:
700-800 mL of fluid
85
At rest, the kidneys receive about ____ of the cardiac output.
25%
86
A tangled cluster or ball of capillaries
Glomerulus
87
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
88
Bundles of smooth muscle in the 3rd layer of the bladder wall.
Detrusor Muscle
89
Surrounds the tubule part of the loop
Vasa Recta
90
Proximal Convaluted
Near to and not straight
91
These two things make up the nephron
Renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
92
This is not part of a nephron.
Collecting Tube
93
Glomerular capsule is made up of
Two layers of simple squamous epithelial cells.
94
This draws a lot of what's filtered out, back in, with the exception of waste.
Tubular Reabsorption
95
Glomerular F
96
This filters almost everything out.
Glomerular Filtration
97
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