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Sophomore Year > A&P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the is process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body’s cells?

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What is known as the movement of air?

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

What is known as the exchange of gases between air and lungs?

A

External respiration

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4
Q

What is known as the exchange of gases between blood and body?

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

What is known as oxygen utilization and production of CO2?

A

Cellular respiration

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6
Q

What are the four reasons why we breathe?

A
  1. Cellular respiration (or ATP)
  2. To get rid of CO2
  3. To regulate pH
  4. To provide oxygen
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7
Q

What are the following all apart of: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Pharynx, Larynx?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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8
Q

What are the following all apart of: Trachea, bronchial tree, lungs?

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

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9
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three: Superior, Middle, and Inferior lobes.

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10
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two: Superior and Inferior lobes.

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11
Q

What size microns are we able to cough or sneeze out?

A

Less than 10 microns, because smaller can enter airway.

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12
Q

This starts with the trachea, and its branching airways resemble an upside-down tree.

A

Bronchial Tree

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the bronchi (Top 3)?

A
  1. Right and left primary bronchi (left and right tubes)
  2. Secondary or lobar bronchi (branch from primary)
  3. Tertiary or segmental bronchi (supplies bronchopulmonary segments)
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14
Q

What are the three parts of the bronchioles?

A
  1. Intralobular bronchioles.
  2. Terminal bronchioles.
  3. Respiratory bronchioles.
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15
Q

What are the three parts of the alveoli?

A
  1. Alveolar ducts.
  2. Alveolar sacs.
  3. Alveoli.
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16
Q

What is the site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

What are the branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli called?

A

Bronchial Tree

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18
Q

What are serviced by intralobular bronchioles?

A

Lobules

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19
Q

How many terminal bronchioles occupy a lobule of lung?

A

50-80

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20
Q

What condition clogs airways with thick, sticky mucus which attracts bacteria?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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21
Q

What does the alveolar wall consist of and how thick is the cell layer?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells, and it’s one cell layer thick.

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22
Q

This has a large surface area.

A

Alveoli, there are about 300 million alveoli in human lungs.

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23
Q

This consists of two things, the wall of the alveolus and the wall of the capillary.

A

Respiratory Membrane

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24
Q

These are Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs.

A

Lungs

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25
Q

What do the bronchus and large blood vessels enter through?

A

Hilum

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26
Q

What is located between visceral pleura and parietal pleura, and what is it’s function?

A

The Pleural Cavity, and it reduces friction.

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27
Q

What is known as the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli?

A

Breathing

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28
Q

True or False: When lungs are at rest, the pressure on the inside of the lungs = the pressure on the outside of the thorax?

A

True

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29
Q

During this, intra-alveolar pressure decreases to about 758mm Hg as the thoracic cavity enlarges, and atmospheric pressure forces air into the airways.

A

Inspiration

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30
Q

During this, there’s elastic recoil of the lung tissues and abdominal organs.

A

Expiration

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31
Q

During this, there’s contraction of abdominal wall muscles, and also contraction of posterior internal intercostal muscles.

A

Maximum Expiration

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32
Q

What is the condition where the thoracic wall is punctured – atmospheric air enters pleural cavity to create space between visceral and parietal pleural membranes, and the lung collapses. It’s treated by covering the wound and applying suction tube to reestablish negative pressure.

A

Pneumothorax

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33
Q

This condition is due to any type of obstructive lung disease and causes the diameter of the chest to be twice as big as normal.

A

Barrel Chest

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34
Q

This condition causes the sternum to be pushed out and is also referred to as a “Pigeon Chest”.

A

Pectus Carniatum

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35
Q

This condition can cause breathing issues and heart palpitations and is also referred to as a “Caved Chest”.

A

Pectus Excavatum

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36
Q

This is known as the air that remains in passageways of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

A

Anatomic Dead Space

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37
Q

This is known as air sacs of the lung that are nonfunctional due to poor blood flow.

A

Alveolar Dead Space

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38
Q

Anatomic + Alveolar Dead Space = ?

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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39
Q

Normal, young, and healthy lungs.

A

Anatomic = Physiologic

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39
Q

This tool is used to measure respiratory air volumes.

A

Spirometer

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40
Q

This is referred to as normal breathing.

A

Eupnea

41
Q

This is referred to as fast breathing.

A

Tachypnea

42
Q

This is referred to as slow breathing.

A

Bradypnea

43
Q

This is known as some’s perception of being short of breath.

A

Dyspnea

44
Q

This is known as being short of breath when you lie down.

A

Orthopnea

45
Q

This is known as lacking air.

A

Apnea

46
Q

This is known as the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during normal, quiet breathing. The average adult amount is 500ml.

A

Tidal volume (TV)

47
Q

This is known as the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond a TV. The average for women is 2,000ml and men is 3,000ml.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

48
Q

This is known as the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond a Tidal Volume.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (EPV)

49
Q

This is known as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

A

Residual volume (RV)

50
Q

This capacity is known as the total amount of exchangeable air. (TV+IRV+ERV)

A

Vital Capacity

51
Q

This capacity is known as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration. (RV+ERV)

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

52
Q

This capacity is known as the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration. (IRV+TV)

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

53
Q

This is known as the sum of all lung volumes (approx. 6000 ml in males).

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

54
Q

This is known as abrupt and severe shortness of breath throughout the night, that frequently wakes a person up. It can be a sign of several underlying medical disorders, including congestive heart failure.

A

Paroxysmal Noctural Dyspnea

55
Q

This type of respiratory center is known as primary and is located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. They detect changes in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). When changes are detected, the receptors send impulses to the respiratory centers in the brainstem that initiate changes in ventilation to restore normal pCO2.

A

Central Chemoreceptors

56
Q

This type of respiratory center is located in both the carotid body and the aortic body. When low levels of oxygen are detected, afferent impulses travel via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brainstem. A number of responses are then coordinated which aim to restore pO2.

A

Perpheral Chemoreceptors

57
Q

This part of the brain causes our involuntary breathing.

A

The Medulla

57
Q

This part of the brain fine tunes our breathing.

A

The Pons

58
Q

This part of the brain controls our voluntary breathing, ability to sing and hold a note, and to scream.

A

Cerebrum

59
Q

Because of these, anxiety and fear get a response from the hypothalamus and causes us to breathe faster.

A

Emotions

60
Q

This is a type of mechanoreceptor that are responsible for dissention of various organs and muscles and are neurologically linked to the medulla in the brain stem via afferent nerve fibers. Examples: causes sneezing or coughing and can even stop us from breathing.

A

Stretch Receptors

61
Q

The two respiratory groups in the medulla are called:

A

The Dorsal Respiratory Group and the Ventral Respiratory Group.

61
Q

These types of receptors are sense organs or cells that respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.

A

Mechanoreceptors

62
Q

This respiratory group is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.

A

Pontine Respiratory Group (located in the Pons)

63
Q

This respiratory group controls our diaphragm and has the most fundamental role in the control of respiration, initiating inspiration (inhalation).

A

Dorsal

64
Q

This respiratory group has neurons that are active in forceful breathing and inactive during quiet, restful respirations.

A

Ventral

65
Q

This type of center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing. It’s also considered an antagonist to the center.

A

Pheumotaxic

66
Q

This type of center produces abnormal breathing during inhalation. If you hear this type of breathing, death is imminent.

A

Apneustic

67
Q

This is known as a lack of breathing for 10-20 seconds when sleeping. Most of the time it’s cause is from a person’s tongue following back and blocking their airway. IT causes fatigue, headache, drowsiness, and depression.

A

Sleep Apnea

68
Q

This is known as the amount of gas in fluid.

A

Partial Pressure

69
Q

True or False: as hydrogen ions and CO2 increase, it makes pH go down to be more acidic.

A

True, you’re breathe deeper (depth) and faster (rate).

70
Q

True or False: as hydrogen ions and CO2 decrease, it makes pH increase to become more basic.

A

True

71
Q

True or False: Aortic and Carotid Bodies are backups and respond mostly to O2.

A

True, if O2 levels are less than 50% of what they should be, they kick in.

72
Q

This reflex keeps the lungs from overinflating with air.

A

The Hering-Breuer reflex

73
Q

True or False: when performing intense workouts, the creation of lactic acid surpasses utilization, and the acid enters your blood.

A

True

74
Q

What are arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent Arteriole

75
Q

Alcohol and coffee are examples of drinks that include chemicals that increase urine production in the kidneys. These types of chemicals are called:

A

Diuretics

76
Q

Increased blood pressure would lead to the following:

A

Increased urine production

77
Q

Water leaves the nephron by this mechanism:

A

Osmosis

78
Q

What part of the nephron is connected to the glomerulus?

A

The proximal tubule

79
Q

Promotes increased production of urine.

A

Diuretic

80
Q

“Cyst”

A

Bladder

81
Q

“Podocyte”

A

Foot Cell

82
Q

“Parietal”

A

Pertaining to the wall of a cavity.

83
Q

“Glom”

A

Little Ball

84
Q

A healthy urinary bladder can hold:

A

700-800 mL of fluid

85
Q

At rest, the kidneys receive about ____ of the cardiac output.

A

25%

86
Q

A tangled cluster or ball of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

87
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

88
Q

Bundles of smooth muscle in the 3rd layer of the bladder wall.

A

Detrusor Muscle

89
Q

Surrounds the tubule part of the loop

A

Vasa Recta

90
Q

Proximal Convaluted

A

Near to and not straight

91
Q

These two things make up the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

92
Q

This is not part of a nephron.

A

Collecting Tube

93
Q

Glomerular capsule is made up of

A

Two layers of simple squamous epithelial cells.

94
Q

This draws a lot of what’s filtered out, back in, with the exception of waste.

A

Tubular Reabsorption

95
Q
A

Glomerular F

96
Q

This filters almost everything out.

A

Glomerular Filtration

97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A

Sophomore Year (4 decks)

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