A&P Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
neurons and muscle cells which communicate with each other through APs
A
excitable cells
2
Q
the difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside of the cell membrane vs. the outside of the cell membrane
A
membrane potential (MP)
3
Q
when excitable cells are “at rest” (not conducting APs)
A
Resting Membrane Potential (r-MP)
4
Q
the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular vs. extracellular areas
A
chemical gradient
5
Q
the difference in charge between the intracellular vs. extracellular areas
A
electrical gradient
6
Q
the spread of electrical signal along the membrane of an excitable cell
A
propagation (conduction)
7
Q
passive transport with no gates
A
leak channels (pores)
8
Q
passive transport with gates
A
gated channels
9
Q
what are the three types of gated channels?
A
voltage, ligand, and mechanical
10
Q
active transport which requires ATP
A
ion pumps
11
Q
leakiest channel
A
K+ leak channels
12
Q
plasma membrane is more permeable to ____ than to _____
A
K+, Na+
13
Q
channels that respond to MP change and help with generation/propagation of APs
A
voltage-gated channels
14
Q
where are voltage gated channels primarily found
A
on the axon and axon hillock
15
Q
what element is mostly found going through voltage gated channels
A
Na+
16
Q
voltage gated channels are time sensitive, true or false?
A
true
17
Q
channels that respond to specific chemical stimulus
A
ligand gated channels
18
Q
where are ligand gated channels located?
A
dendrites, somas, and motor end plate
19
Q
a molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule, usually hormones or neurotransmitters
A
ligand
20
Q
channels that respond to mechanical deformation of the cell membrane
A
mechanically-gated ion channels
21
Q
where are mechanically-gated ion channels found?
A
sensory receptor cells/ dendrites of sensory neurons
22
Q
most important ion pump
A
sodium-potassium pump
23
Q
sodium potassium pump pumps out _____ for every _____ it pumps in
A
3 Na+, 2 K+
24
Q
resting r-MP value
A
-70mV
25
when the inner aspect of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outer aspect
polarized
26
intracellular cation
K+
27
extracellular cation
Na+
28
intracellular anions
phosphorus and proteins
29
extracellular anion
Cl-
30
peak millivolts reaches in response to an AP
30mV
31
axon hillock and initial segment of the axion; contains many voltage-gated Na+ channels
trigger zone
32
depolarizing on the membrane potential from -70mV to -55mV
threshold value
33
a rush of Na+ into the cell due to depolarization
Na+ influx
34
threshold value
-55mV
35
an AP is always of the same amplitude (+30mV) no matter the strength of the stimulus; stronger stimulus doesn't equal a larger AP
All-Or-Nothing Principle
36
the change of the negative membrane potential to become positive
depolarizing phase
37
the restoring of a r-MP of -70mV for a membrane
repolarizing phase
38
the brief time after the repolarizing phase where the membrane potential is more negative than -70mV
hyperpolarizing phase
39
the time during the depolarizing/repolarizing phases when another AP cannot be generated
Absolute Refractory Period
40
the time during the hyperpolarization phase when an AP can only be generated if it is depolarized more positively than the typical threshold value
relative refractory period
41
the only type of stimuli which can generate an AP during the relative refractory period
suprathreshold stimulus
42
the step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of the plasma membrane (unmyelinated axons)
continuous conduction
43
when the AP jumps from node to node (myelinated axons)
saltatory conduction
44
the propagation speed of an AP which is determined by the fiber diameter and myelination of the fiber
conduction velocity
45
the membrane is at rest; voltage-gated Na+ channels are resting and voltage-gated K+ channels are closed
resting phase
46
voltage-gated Na+ channel activation gates are open (absolute refractory period)
depolarization phase
47
voltage-gated K+ channels are open; Na+ channels are inactivating (absolute refractory period)
repolarization phase
48
voltage-gated K+ channels are still open; Na+ channels are in the resting state
Hyperpolarization phase
49
a synapse that is either excitatory or inhibitory; most common type of synapse
chemical synapse
50
synapses where ionic current spreads directly from cell to cell through gap junctions; allows for faster communication; always excitatory
electrical synapse
51
a small deviation from the r-MP which makes the membrane either more or less polarized; occurs in the dendrites and somas of the neuron; localized; size based on stimulus strength
graded potential
52
the difference of electrical charges on the inside/outside of the cell
polarization
53
another name for graded potentials, because they synapse at the post-synaptic membrane
synaptic potentials
54
a neurotransmitter that brings that MP closer to threshold
excitatory neurotransmitter
55
the result of a graded potential which brings the membrane potential closer to threshold; not strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
56
neurotransmitters that open ligand-gated ion channels, resulting in hyper polarization (making the MP more negative)
inhibitory neurotransmitter
57
the result of a graded potential which makes the MP more negative
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
58
the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together
summation
59
when multiple EPSPs are delivered along the same axon and thus, are staggered in time
temporal summation
60
when EPSPs come from different neurons and summate together
spatial summation
61
when the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold level of stimulation; does not generate a nerve impulse but does bring the membrane closer to threshold
subthreshold EPSP
62
there are about _____ known/suspected neurotransmitters
100
63
amino acid neurotransmitter; chief excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS
glutamate
64
amino acid neurotransmitter; chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS
GABA
65
monoamine neurotransmitter; "5-HT"
Serotonin
66
monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; DA
dopamine
67
monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; Epi
Epinephrine
68
monoamine neurotransmitter; catecholamine; NE
Norepinephrine
69
name for dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
catecholamines
70
gas neurotransmitter; NO
nitric oxide
71
misc. neurotransmitter; ACh
acetylcholine
72
a structure that can respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment
sensory receptors
73
graded potentials created by a sensory receptor are also called a.....
generator potential
74
a specialized special cell that synapses with a sensory neuron
sensory cell
75
sensory receptors are located on _____ and ______
dendrites of a primary sensory neuron; sensory cell
76
the process in which the energy of a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal
sensory transduction
77
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors
somatic sensory receptors
78
chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
visceral sensory receptors
79
a type of graded potential where the sensory receptor cell is also the primary afferent neuron and a change in membrane potential spreads along its membrane; only involves one receptor cell to receive and convert the stimulus
generator potentials
80
a type of graded potentials where the sensory receptor is separate from the afferent neuron; the change in MP of the sensory receptor cell triggers the release of a neurotransmitter, initiating a graded potential, then an AP
receptor potentials
81
receptors which convey information about the changes in information
dynamic receptors
82
persistent receptors which convey information about the persistence of a stimulus
static receptors
83
receptors which respond maximally but briefly to a stimulus; their response decreases if the stimulus is maintained
rapidly adapting
84
receptors which keep firing as long as the stimulus is present
slowly adapting
85
nerve endings that have unspecialized terminal branches of their dendrites e.g. nociceptors
free nerve endings
86
cutaneous receptors which are encapsulated in order to determine the nature of the stimuli which they respond to e.g. pacinian corpuscles
encapsulated nerve endings
87
receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli such as heat/cold, pinpricks, chemicals/acids, etc.
nociceptors
88
receptors which respond to normal ranges of temperature
thermoreceptors
89
receptors which detect mechanical stimuli such as light tough, discriminatory touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration.
tactile mechanoreceptors
90
what are the four main types of tactile mechanoreceptors?
1. merkel's discs
2. meissner's corpuscles
3. ruffini's corpuscles
4. pacinian corpuscles
91
tactile mechanoreceptor located in the dermal/epidermal junction which responds to sustained light touch; slow adapting
merkel's disks
92
tactile mechanoreceptor located in the papillary dermis which responds to fine touch; fast adapting
meissner's corpuscles
93
tactile mechanoreceptor located in the reticular dermis which responds to stretch; slow adapting
ruffini's corpuscles
94
tactile mechanoreceptor located in the deep dermis/hypodermis which responds to vibration; fast adapting
pacinian corpuscles
95
receptors in the musculoskeletal system which sense kinesthesia; subcategories: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
proprioceptor mechanoreceptors
96
sense of limb position
kinesthesia
97
proprioceptors located in the muscle tendon which detect muscle tension
golgi tendon organs
98
visceral receptors which are responsive to distension (stretch), ischemia, and inflammation but don't respond to pain such as burning or cutting
nociceptors
99
visceral receptors which are located in blood vessel walls and sense blood pressure by sensing the tension of the aterial walls
baroreceptors
100
visceral receptors which detect chemical stimuli such as oxygen, carbon, dioxide, glucose, or AAs
chemoreceptors
101
visceral receptors which detect changes in osmotic pressure
osmoreceptors
102
sense which consist of specialized sensory receptor cells that generate an electrical signal; sight, smell, taste, and hearing
special senses
103
special sense with photoreceptor cells which contain rhodopsin (protein); physical energy --> electrical signals
sight
104
special sense with odor receptor cells which contains proteins that bind to specific chemicals; chemical signal --> electrical signals
smell
105
special sense with gustatory receptor cells which bind to chemicals; chemical signal --> electrical signals
taste
106
special sense with hair cells in the inner ear which detect movement
hearing
107
somatic receptors which perceive information from the skin and skeletal muscles and relay it to the CNS
somatosensory receptors
108
when outgoing information is sent to a target cell which is a skeletal muscle; contains upper and lower motor neurons
somatomotor pathway
109
when outgoing information is sent to a target cell which is a smooth/cardiac muscle cell or gland
autonomic motor pathway
110
a bundle of axons in the PNS
nerve
111
a bundle of axons in the CNS
tract
112
pathways containing 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons
somatosensory pathway
113
location of primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
114
somatosensory input travel along _______ to the postcentral gyrus
ascending tracts
115
location of 1st order neuron somas
dorsal root ganglion
116
1st order and 2nd order neurons synapse in the ____
CNS
117
2nd and 3rd order neurons synapse in the _____
thalamus
118
2nd and 3rd order neurons are _____ neurons
multipolar
119
2nd and 3rd order neurons are called _______, even tough they're carrying afferent/sensory information
interneurons
120
1st order neurons can also be called
primary afferent neuron
121
3rd order neurons synapse in the ______
postcentral gyrus
122
location of 3rd order neuron somas
thalamus
123
both ATs lead to and through the
thalamus
124
located in the posterior white column of the spinal cord and carries info about proprioception and 2-point discrimination
posterior column AT
125
tract carrying information regarding pain, temperature, itch, and tickle ("emotionally loaded" sensation)
spinothalamic AT
126
location of the primary motor area
precentral gyrus
127
neurons located in the brain and spinal cord and decussate in the medulla oblongata
UMN (upper motor neuron)
128
"crossing" such as in the medulla oblongata
deussation
129
paralysis resulting from damage to the UMNs which results in tense, continually contracting muscles
spastic paralysis
130
neurons whose somas are in the CNS but their axons extend to the skeletal muscles; "motor" neurons
LMN (lower motor neuron)
131
paralysis due to damage to the LMNs which results in limp, uncontrollable muscles
flaccid paralysis
132
a representation of a small human being based on what percent of the cerebral cortex each part of the body takes up
homunculus
133
nervous system which regulates visceral activities by stimulating/inhibiting activities of cardiac/smooth muscle and glands; can't be consciously controlled; includes the S-ANS, P-ANS, and ENS
ANS (autonomic nervous system)
134
when a tissue is innervated by both S-ANS and P-ANS neurons
dual innervation
135
primary ANS regulating centers are the ______ and ______
hypothalamus, medulla oblongata
136
neurons whose somas are in the CNS and the axon extends out as a cranial/spinal nerve
preganglionic neurons
137
S-ANS neurons extend out of the _______ ________
thoracic region
138
P-ANS neurons extend out of the ____ _____ and ______ _______
brain stem and sacral region
139
what do preganglionic neurons always release
ACh
140
second neuron in the autonomic pathway; entirely outside the CNS; synapse with effector organ; unmyelinated; release ACh or NE; "ganglionic neurons"
postganglionic neurons
141
postganglionic neurons release ________ or ________
ACh, NE
142
found either in the sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia and synapse with chromaffin cells
sympathetic ganglia
143
a vertical row of ganglia on the left and right of the vertebral column
sympathetic trunk
144
ganglia located anteriorly to the vertebral columnb
prevertebral ganglia
145
ganglia found in the terminal ganglia or the intramural ganglia
parasympathetic ganglia
146
ganglia located very near the effector organ
terminal ganglia
147
ganglia located within the wall of the effector organ
intramural ganglia
148
tangled networks of efferent ANS neurons; primary ones are the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses
autonomic plexuses
149
release ACh; preganglionic neurons (S-ANS and P-ANS), P-NS postganglionic neurons, and somatic motor neurons
cholinergic neurons
150
cholinergic neurons release _____
ACh
151
release Epi or NE; S-ANS postganglionic neurons (release NE)
Adrenergic Neurons
152
bind ACh, nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
Cholinergic Receptors
153
cholinergic receptors bind _____
ACh
154
somatic receptors which cause excitation of the postsynaptic cell
nicotinic receptors
155
visceral receptors which cause either excitatory or inhabitation depending on the cell
muscarinic receptors
156
bind Ne or Epi; alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2
adrenergic receptors
157
adrenergic receptors bind _____ or ______
Epi, NE
158
receptor that causes vasoconstriction
Alpha-1 Receptor
159
receptor that causes inhabitation of NE release
Alpha-2 Receptor
160
receptor that causes tachycardia
beta-1 receptor
161
receptor that causes vasodilation
beta-2 receptor
162
a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking a natural neurotransmitter or hormone
agonist
163
a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from working
antagonist
