A&P Final Flashcards
1
Q
Between the nervous and endocrine system what one is known for fast communication?
A
Nervous
2
Q
What system has long lasting effects?
A
Endocrine
3
Q
In the endocrine system how do messengers move?
A
Through blood and/or interstitial fluid
4
Q
The impulses of the nervous system are conducted along what structure?
A
Axons
5
Q
The nervous system uses chemical compounds to send signals and communicate. What are they called?
A
Neurotransmitters
6
Q
What part of the endocrine system usually works in a cascade effect?
A
Hormones
7
Q
Name the two different classes of glands.
A
Exocrine and Endocrine
8
Q
What type of glands secretes material through ducts onto the surfaces both internal and external?
A
Exocrine
9
Q
List some names/types of exocrine glands
A
sweat, oil, mucous, salivary, pancreas, live, etc
10
Q
What gland type can perform multiple functions?
A
Endocrine
11
Q
The pituitary, thyroid, hypothalamus, gonads, pancreas, liver, and adipocytes are what type of gland?
A
Endocrine
12
Q
What gland type secretes directly into IF
A
Endocrine
13
Q
Pineal and parathyroid are what type of gland?
A
Endocrine
14
Q
What happens during down-regulation of hormones?
A
When too much hormone is present, receptors are destroyed. Controls how much hormone gets into the cell.
15
Q
When too little hormone is present, and more receptors are made this is an example of what type of regulation?
A
Up regulation
16
Q
What is the term for the driving force of hormone action and what does it mean?
A
Specificity - hormones only bind to target cells that have the specific protein receptor for that hormone.
- Lock and key mechanism
17
Q
T or F
Receptors are very rarely being broken down and remade be the cell.
A
False - constantly!
18
Q
There are two main categories of hormones. What are they?
A
Local hormones
Circulating hormones
19
Q
An aka for circulating hormones is
A
Endocrine
20
Q
How do circulating hormones work?
A
Secreted in the IF
Picked up by the blood and circulated throughout the body.
Travel far away from secretory cell.
21
Q
What cells can circulating hormones act on?
A
Any cell along the way that has a receptor for it.
22
Q
What are the two types of Local hormones?
A
Paracrine - acts on neighbouring cells
Autocrine - acts on secretory cell
23
Q
Hormones can either be ______ soluble or _______ soluble.
A
Lipid or Water
24
Q
What are lipid soluble hormones bound to for transport?
A
Transport protein
25
Can lipid soluble hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and why?
Yes because cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.
26
What is the mechanism of action of a lipid soluble hormone?
Enters target cell and goes to nucleus
| Alters gene expression causing new protein synthesis thus alters cell activity
27
How does water soluble hormones circulate in the blood?
Without a transport protein
28
Describe the mechanism of the messenger systems of water-soluble hormones
1st messenger binds to receptor on plasma membrane which activates second messenger (cAMP) cascade inside the cell.
2nd messenger activates enzymes to produce physiological response.
29
The responsiveness of a target cell depends on what factors?
1. Hormone concentration
2. Abundance of receptors
3. Influence of other hormones
30
Describe what triggers hormone secretions
Signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in the blood
Presence of other hormones
31
Most hormones operate by what kind of feedback loop?
Negative
32
List the primary organs of the endocrine system
```
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Gonads
Pinal
Thymus
```
33
What organs are responsible for the secretion of estrogen and testosterone
Gonads - Ovary and Testis
34
What gland secretes Calcitonin?
Thyroid
35
Epinephrine and Norepinephrin are secreted by what gland?
Adrenal
36
List the secondary endocrine organs
Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, heart, liver, placenta, adipose tissue.
37
What hormone is associated with the placenta?
hCG
38
Leptin is associated with what secondary endocrine organ?
Adipose tissue
39
Calcitriol and erythropoietin are secreted by what organ?
Kidneys
40
What are the three main functions of blood?
Transport
Homeostasis: pH, body temperature, ion concentration
Protection: clotting, WBC, blood proteins
41
What is the pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline
42
Blood makes up what percent of total body mass?
8%
43
The average volume of blood in an adult is how many L?
5L
males: 5-6L
females: 4-5L
44
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?
55%
45
The buffy white coat is composed of what blood elements?
Leukocytes & platelets
46
What blood elements represents 45% of total blood?
Formed elements - 99% of which are Erythrocytes
47
91.5% of plasma is ________
water
48
List three different types of plasma proteins
1. Albumins - smallest and most numerous
2. Globulins
3. Fibrinogens
49
What percent of the plasma solutes are proteins?
7%
50
The blood protein responsible for transport of proteins is?
Albumins
51
What is the function of Globulins in blood?
Part of antibodies
52
The protein that has a role in clotting is?
Fibrinogen
53
How many days do RBC live?
120
54
What does hematocrit mean?
% of blood volume that is RBC
55
What is the hematocrit % for females? Males?
38-45% for females
| 40-54% for males
56
The name of the condition where you have too many RBC is called?
Polycythemia
57
What is anemia?
Too few RBC or a Hb problem
58
Hb means?
Hemoglobin
59
Certain components of the glycocalyx of blood have what name?
Antigens
60
T or F
| Antibody production means the antigen is foreign
True
61
Does every antigen have an antibody?
Yes
62
If you are blood type A what kind of antigen will you have? What type of antibody will your produce? What type of blood will your accept?
Antigen: A
Antibody: Anti-B
Accepts: A & O
63
AB blood type has what antigen, antibody, and accepts what type of blood?
Antigen: A & B
Antibody: None
Accepts: A, B, AB, O
64
What blood type is the universal acceptor?
AB
65
The blood type that has B antigens, makes anti-A antibodies, and accepts B & O blood is?
B
66
What blood type is the universal donor?
O
67
What types of blood can O accept?
Only O
68
What type of antigen, and antibody does O have?
Antigen: non
Antibody: A & B
69
When are Rh antibodies made?
When you encounter foreign blood
70
T or F
| AB antibodies are present at birth
True
71
Why is it called the Rh system?
First discovered/developed with Rhesis Monkeys
72
A Rh + person will have what type of antigen and antibody?
Antigen: +
Antibody: none
73
Rh - person will have what they of antigen and antibody?
Antigen: None
Antibody: Anti-D or anti +
74
Rh + will accept what type of blood?
+ & -
75
What will Rh - accept?
-
76
What is the name of the disorder when the mom and baby have different Rh blood types?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
77
Your heart is roughly the size of what else on your body?
Your fist
78
On approx what day of development did your heart start beating?
Day 25
79
What are the three layers of the blood vessels?
1. Tunica interna or intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa or adventitia
80
All three layers of blood vessels contain what type of fivers?
Elastic
81
The tunica interna is primarily composed of what type of tissue?
Endothelium
82
What layer is composed mostly of smooth muscle?
Tunica media
83
The connective tissue layer of blood vessels is...
Tunica externa
84
What type of blood vessel controls the pressure into the capillaries?
Arterioles
85
The blood vessels that resist the pressure from the heart's pulse are called?
Arteries
86
Where do we see a drop in pressure in the blood vessel system?
Capillaries
87
As veins enlarge approaching the heart what happens to the pressure?
Drops to almost zero.
88
Where is the pressure the highest?
Aorta, and arteries close to the heart
89
What is a major helper to the valves in veins in returning blood to the heart?
The action of skeletal muscles.
90
The changes in pressure with breathing and the diaphragm will assist blood vessels how?
By helping to return blood to the heart to overcome gravity.
91
What are the major three factors affecting resistance in blood vessels?
Vessel Diameter
Vessel Length
Blood viscosity
92
A smaller vessel diameter will result in...
Increased resistance and increased blood pressure
93
How will the length of a vessel increase the resistance and blood pressure?
Longer the length greater the resistance and pressure
94
Will thick blood increase or decrease resistance and pressure?
Increase
95
How is high blood pressure related to obesity?
Obesity causes more pressure to be placed on vessels so they have to work harder to move the blood. Also - with the increase in fat, the body has to make more vessels to supply the fat tissue with blood, thereby increasing the vessel lengths and pressure.
96
Another name for the left lymphatic duct is?
Thoracic
97
Where does the Thoracic duct begin?
The Cisterna Chyli
98
Where does the Thoracic duct empty its contents?
Into left subclavian vein
99
How much of the body is drained by the Thoracic lymph duct?
3/4
100
What lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein?
Right Lymphatic duct
101
What takes place in primary lymphatic tissues and organs?
Stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
102
Name two primary lymph tissues/organs.
Red bone marrow - B cells
| Thymus - T cells
103
The lymphatic tissue/organs where immune responses occur is what type?
Secondary
104
Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules are an example of what class of lymph organs/tissues?
Secondary
105
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue
106
Where do we typically see MALT in the body?
Where the body is in contact with the outside world.
107
Innate immunity is what type of resistance?
Nonspecific
108
When do we develop innate immunity?
Present at birth
109
Does innate immunity have memory?
No
110
What are the two types of first line of defence in the body?
Mechanical and Chemical
111
List some areas of mechanical defence means in the body.
Skin, mucus, hair, cilia, urination, defecation, emmitting
112
Gastric juices, vaginal secretions, semen, and lysozyme are examples of what type of first line defence mechanisms?
Chemical
113
Where do we see both mechanical and chemical defence mechanisms?
Sebum, perspiration, tears, saliva, urine.
114
What are the second line of defence mechanisms in the body?
Antimicrobial proteins, Natural killer cells, non lymphoid WBC, inflammation, fever.
115
Specific resistance is what type of immunity?
Acquired
116
When do we develop acquired immunity?
From contact with a particular agent.
117
Is acquired immunity faster or slower than innate immunity?
Slower
118
T or F
| Acquired immunity does not have memory
False
119
What type of competency does acquired immunity need to work effectively?
Immunocompetency
120
B cells carry out what type of immune response?
Antibody-mediated
121
Cell-mediated immune responses are carried out by what type of cells?
T Cells
122
Lymphoid WBC's can carry out what two types of immune responses?
Antibody mediated
| Cell mediated
123
The alimentary tract can also be called?
Gastro-intestinal or GI tract
124
Where does the GI tract start and end?
Mouth to anus
125
How long is the GI tract?
20-30 ft
126
When would an organ be called an accessory organ in relation to the digestive system?
Either dos not touch the food or is unnecessary for digestion.
127
How do accessory organs assist in digestion?
Through chemical secretions or mechanical means.
128
Give examples of some accessory digestive organs
Pancreas, tongue, teeth
