A&P Final Review Flashcards
(206 cards)
0
Q
A person lying face up is in the __________ position
A
Supine
1
Q
The human form shown upright, hands at the side, palms forward, and feet together is in the __________ position
A
Anatomical
2
Q
__________ is on anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level”
A
Superior
3
Q
The term __________ means the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between the body parts
A
Anatomy
4
Q
__________ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
A
Physiology
5
Q
A __________ feedback is a initial stimulus that produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
A
Positive
6
Q
A __________ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge
A
Electron
7
Q
__________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
A
Ionic Bonds
8
Q
Chemical bonds created by the sharing of __________ with other atoms are called covalent bonds
A
Electron
9
Q
__________ energy is energy in motion
A
Kinetic
10
Q
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of __________
A
Cat ions
11
Q
Sulfate, biphosphate, bicarbonate, and chloride are examples of __________
A
Anions
12
Q
__________ compounds do not contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
A
Inorganic
13
Q
__________ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentrations to an area of relatively low concentration
A
Diffusion
14
Q
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane is called __________
A
Osmosis
15
Q
Bone, fat and blood can all be classified __________ tissue
A
Connective
16
Q
List one primary action of macrophages __________
A
Engulf damaged cells or pathogens
17
Q
__________ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms
A
Antibodies
18
Q
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein or called __________
A
Ecchymosis
19
Q
A bluish appearance of the skin is called
A
Cyanosis
20
Q
The central shaft of a long bone is called___________
A
Diaphysis
21
Q
The pelvic girdle is included in the___________division of the skeleton
A
Appendicular
22
Q
The fibrous connective tissue connecting the bone of the skull at birth is called___________
A
Fontanelle
23
Q
___________ is the most abundant mineral in the human body
A
Calcium
Stored in bone
24
___________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells
Acetylcholine
25
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called ___________
Pacemaker cells
26
The___________ muscle separate the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
| Forenic nerve
27
All neutral tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord make up the___________ nervous system
Peripheral NS
28
Information is carried to the CNS by the___________division, and motor commands are carried by the muscles and glands via the___________division.
Afferent
Efferent
29
The autonomic component of nervous system provides automatic involuntary regulation of___________muscle, ___________muscle, and___________secritions.
Smooth
Cardiac
Glandular
30
Refractory period is ___________
Limits the rate at which action potentials can be generated in an excitable membrane.
31
Synapsis that release norepinephrine are called___________
Adrenergic
32
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the___________
___________ ___________
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
(The Meninges)
33
___________ is caused by a imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid production and rate at which it is absorbed
Hydrocephalus
34
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
35
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and___________ receptors
Muscarinic
| Musc-arinic
36
T/F The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems
True
37
List three things the parasympathetic system controls
___________
___________
___________
Relaxation
Food processing
Energy absorption
38
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
39
The stimulation of Beta-1 receptors cause increase in___________
Heart rate
Increases automaticity
40
Temperature is considered a___________sence
General
41
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called___________
chemoreceptors
42
___________monitors changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta.
Barorceptors
43
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system called___________
Hormones
44
The hormone released by the___________control other endocrine glands.
Not Hypothalamus.
"Anterior pituitary" edited answer with Pedro
45
The endocrine cells of the pancreas produce___________and___________
Glucagon
Insulin
46
The most important hormone produced in the male gonads is___________
Testosterone
47
___________to___________ is the average pH of whole blood
7.35-7.45
48
___________binds and transports carbon dioxide and oxygen
Hemoglobin
49
Vitamin___ is needed, along with intrinsic factor, for erythropoiesis to occur.
Vitamin B 12
50
___________are the most common type of white blood cells
Neutrophil
"Never let monkeys eat bananas"
51
The __________are types of white blood cells that discharge granules that prevent blood clotting
Basophils
Least common type
52
The Vitamin___, affects almost every aspect of the clotting process.
Vitamin K
53
When the heart beats, the first chambers to contract are the__________then the __________
Atrium (P wave)
Ventricle (QRS wave)
54
T/F During contraction the diameter of the ventricle chamber decreases
True
55
T/F The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
True
56
T/F During contraction the distance between the heart's apex and base decrease
True
57
__________ is the term for dead tissue caused by interruption cardiac blood flow.
Infarct
58
__________ is the term for faster than normal heart rate.
Tachycardia
59
__________is the delivery of sufficient electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardial muscle mass with limited damage
Defibrillation
60
List three areas the coronary arteries supply
Atrium
Ventricle
Intraventricular septum
61
An__________ is the recording of the electrical events of the heart
Electrocardiogram
62
The general rule of "more in equals more out," is referred to as__________
Frank-Starling Principal
63
__________is the increase in diameter of an artery and it's central opening.
Vasodilation
64
The__________sphincter controls the flow of blood into the capillary.
Precapillary sphincter
65
A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat is known as__________.
Pulse
66
Hypoperfusion, or a state of inadequate tissue perfusion is commonly called__________.
Shock
67
And the proximal convoluted tubule water goes out of the tubular fluid by the process of__________.
Osmosis
68
__________is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids.
Urea
69
The higher the aldosterone level, the more__________ ions are reclaimed and the more __________are lost.
Sodium ions are reclaimed
Potassium ions are lost
70
__________occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2
Respiratory Alkalosis
71
Metabolic__________is due to an increase in bicarbonate
Alkalosis
72
Respiratory acidosis is the result of_______capnia.
Hypercapnia
73
Respiratory__________ can be treated with the administration of sodium bicarbonate
Acidosis
74
__________are specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in defending the body.
Lymphocytes
75
__________ is the body's ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses
Immunity
76
Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, witch produce and secret antibodies?
_____(cells)
B cells
77
Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appeared normal tissue?
_____(cells)
NK cells
Natural Killer cells
78
An inflammation of the lymphoid nodules in the appendix is a condition known as__________.
Appendicitis
79
List 3 functions of the spleen
____________________
____________________
____________________
1, Removes abnormal blood cells and components
2, Initiates the response of B cells and T cells
3, Stores iron from recycled red blood cells
80
The purpose of inflammation is to__________.
To perform a temporary repair at the injury site
To slow the spread of pathogen
To mobilize a wide range of the defenses it can overcome the pathogens
Regeneration
81
__________and__________ are the chemical that initiate the process of inflammation
Histamine
Heparin
82
Define Necrosis
After injury tissue conditions generally become more abnormal before they begin to improve
83
List the functions of the hypothalamus__________.
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle
Adjusting the activity of autonomic center (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive functions)
Succeeding a variety of hormones
Coordinating activities of the nervous and endocrine system
Regulating normal body temperature
Coordinating daily cycle of activity
84
Innate immunity is__________determined.
Genetically determined
85
________immunity appears after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
Active
86
An aerobic process requires __________.
Oxygen
87
List 2 basic functions of the respiratory system
__________________
__________________
Moving air into and from the gas exchange surface
Providing a large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
88
__________ is a genetic disease that involves the goblet cells producing dense, viscous mucus that cannot be transported by the respiratory cilia.
Cystic fibrosis
89
Enlargement of the lower airways due to sympathetic activation is called__________.
Bronchodilation
90
The blockage of a pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to a group of alveoli is a condition known as a __________.
Pulmonary embolism
91
__________ is low tissue oxygen levels.
Hypoxia
92
The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs called.
Pulmonary ventilation
93
High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, as an emphysema, are called__________
Hypercapnia
94
__________ is the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments.
Digestion.
Salivary amylase
95
__________ are the waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract
Peristalsis
96
The Vegas nerve controls the__________ and initiates the production of__________.
Parasympathetic
Gastric juices
97
The__________ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Jejunum
| je-JOO-num
98
__________ is the esophageal laceration secondary to vomiting.
Mallory Weisstear
99
List to general functions of the liver.
__________
__________
Production of bile
Metabolic regulation
100
List 3 major functions of the gallbladder
__________
__________
__________
Bile storage
Bile modification
Bile concentration/secretion
101
Cells break down organic molecules to obtain energy usually in the form of_______.
ATP
102
Catabolism is the breakdown of__________.
Complex organic molecules
103
The synthesis of new organic molecules that involves the formation of
chemical bonds is called__________.
Synthesis reaction
104
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into__________acid.
Pyruvic acid
105
The liver and skeletal muscle stores glucose as________.
Glycogen
106
Sex chromosome
Answer is sex
107
The following are always components of homeostasis
"All of the above"
108
T/F During ovulation is there a secondary follicle?
False
109
We have a trigger response that prevents the lung from over expanding in forced breathing.
Inflation Reflex
Stops the lungs from popping.
110
Haploid refers to
Sperm
Egg
"It only has one chromosome"
111
A person with a altered mental status that is suspected of alcohol abuse
Thiamine
"Banana bag"
112
Witch is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Anti diuretic hormone
| It's released in the kidney
113
Cremaster muscle moves the__________
Male testy
Temperature regulation of
114
Number of days for the egg to migrate and implant
8 days
6 migrate
2 implant
115
Secretions of hormone by the placenta __________
Relaxin
116
The chromosomes and their components genes carried in every nucleated cell in your body represents your what?
Genotype
117
There are_________majour coronary arteries that originate off the aorta to perfuse the heart?
Two
118
The pelvic gridle is included in what division of the skeleton?
Appendicular
119
T/F A positive feedback is an internal stimulus that produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.
True
120
The _______ chromosomes determines person's biological sex.
Sex
121
T/F A pH of blood below 7.35 is called acidosis.
True
122
Witch of the following in an example of primary lymphoid tissue?
Tonsils
123
Glucose is passively transported across the cell membrane by binding to a receptor site on a carrier protein in a process called:
Facilitated diffusion
124
Witch hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
125
This structure provides the site of diffusion between the material and fetal circulatory system.
Placenta
126
Witch solution causes the movement of water into a red blood cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse or burst?
Hypotonic
127
The influx of ________ rapidly depolarizes the cardiac contractile cells
Sodium
128
What is formed when an antibody molecule binds to its specific antigen?
Antigen-antibody complex
129
The following are always components of homeostasis
Receptor, Effector, Integration/Control Center
Negative feedback, positive feedback, control mechanism
Brain, heart, nerves
130
A term that means close to the body's longitudinal axis of the body is
Medial what is the signal layer OD cells covering the basement membrane called?
131
What is the signal layer of cells covering the basement membrane called?
Simple Epithelium
132
Witch is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
133
The _______ in the opening in the base of the skull allowing the exit of the spinal cord from the brain stem.
Foramen Magnum
134
Witch of the following types of bones cells is responsible for the creation of new bone?
Osteoblasts
135
Witch of the following is a chemical neurotransmitter released by a motor neuron to communicate with muscle cells.
Acetylcholine
136
The active force produced when muscle cells contact is called what?
Tension
137
The _______ is the smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
138
_______ are the carrier proteins that move sodium potassium, calcium! and magnesium across cell membranes.
Ion pumps
139
A person lying face up is in the _________ position.
Supine
140
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein are called
Ecchymosis
141
Chemical bonds created by the sharing of electrons with other atoms are called
Covalent bonds
142
The diaphragm separates the abdominal and __________ cavity
Thoracic
143
T/F during ovulation a secondary follicle releases a mature gamete
False
144
During exercise, what cardiovascular changes occurs?
Cardiac output rises
Venous return increases
Extensive vasodilation
145
T/F The stress response has 3 phases: alarm, flight, and reduction.
False
146
What part of the neuron carries signals toward the synaptic terminal?
Axon
147
In what region of the brain do conscious thought, sensation,intellectual function, and memory storage originate?
Cerebrum
148
Surface tension in an example of what kind of chemical bond?
Hydrogen
149
The _______ separate(s) the oral and nasal cavities.
Hard plate
150
The endocrine cells of witch organ produce glucagon and insulin?
Pancreas
151
An_______ is an injury where a flap of skin and tissue are torn loose or torn off.
Avulsion
152
________ facilitates the absorption of Vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.
Intrinsic factor
153
The _________ prevents the lungs from over expanding during forced breathing.
Inflation reflex
154
Enlargement of the lower airway due to sympathetic activation is called
Bronchodilation
155
The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine and does the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.
Jejunum
156
_______ is an example of connective tissue
Bone
Blood
Fat
157
What is the most important hormone produced in the male gonads
Testosterone
158
The function of a _______ sperm and a ________ egg eyelids a signal cell with the normal number of chromosomes.
Haploid, Haploid
159
______ is the process that involves gas exchange and gas transport.
Perfusion
160
During the first trimester, the series of cell divisions that produce blastomeres is called what?
Mitosis
161
T/F The vitamin thiamine is commonly used as part of the emergency treatment of patients with altered mental status ie. Wernicke's Encephalopathy/Korsakoff syndrome
True
162
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are filled with what fluid?
Vitreous humor
163
Traumatic injury to the eye causing visible blood inside the eye is called?
Hyphema
164
Witch is not a primary type of plasma protein?
Serum
165
What is the first phase of hemostasis?
Vascular
166
What is the process called that results in the formation of new blood cells?
Hemopoiesis
167
Because most lipids are not soluble in water, special mechanisms are required to transport them in the bloodstream. To do so, they bind to another structure and become what?
Lipoproteins
168
The condition known as "gout" is typically the result of abnormally high blood levels of what?
Uric acid
169
______ is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
170
What is the name of the small blood vessels that provide alternative alternative or collateral circulation to the same tissue bed?
Anastomosis
171
In a cute blood loss states, the venous reserve can compensate for the loos of what percentage of blood volume?
15-20%
172
The innermost layer of blood vessel in the tunica _________
Interna
173
The integument contains 2 types of exocrine glands: sebaceous and what other type?
Sweat
174
The perspiration, or sweat produced by this gland is 99% water.
Merocrine
175
The epidermis contains variable amounts of 2 pigments, carotene and
Reticular
176
Each time energy exchange occurs, some of the energy is released as
Heat
177
Witch statement is true regarding the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
Enzymes help slow down the speed of reactions that support life
Enzymes help speed up the reaction that support life
178
Witch type of secretions involves the loss of cytoplasm and the secretory products
Holocrine
179
Witch of the following is the Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insolubles proteins, and waste products.
Cytosol.
180
What is not a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Movement of cellular derby out of the cell.
181
In the peripheral nervous system, neuron cell bodies are located in the
Ganglia
182
What is not a type of coagulation disorder
Plasminogen
183
What is the most common type of circulating white blood cells?
Neutrophils
184
What is the first mechanism employed by the body to alter blood flow through the capillary beds based on local homeostatic needs?
Autoregulation
185
_________ are specialized receptors in certain vascular walls that monitor systolic pressure and provide sensory information to the brainstem for regulating overall blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
186
The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called what?
Referred pain
187
What is the process of focusing an image of the retina by changing the shape of the lens called?
Accommodation
188
The taste buds contain slender sensory receptors known as what
Gustatory cells
189
Of the pleural linings, witch one adheres directly to the lung tissue?
An increase in the body's core temperature will have what effect on phagocytosis during an immune response?
190
An increase in the body's core temperature will have what effect on phagocytosis during an immune response?
Increase/Enhance Phagocytosis
191
Witch of the following in not a property of immunity?
Replication
192
Vitamin K, B5 and biotin are all produced where?
Liver
193
Witch in not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone
194
Witch is not a disease of the thyroid gland
Diabetes Mellitus
195
__________ develops when the posterior pituitary gland no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH or the kidneys fail to respond to ADH
Diabetes insipitus
196
What structure are necessary for maintaining osmotic integrity and normal bioeletrical balance.
Salts
197
This type of metabolism allows for the greatest yield of ATP
Aerobic
198
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
199
What is the primary function of the cremaster muscle in the male body.
To help maintain testicular temperature
200
What structure within the ovary allows for oocyte growth and meiosis I of oogenesis to occur?
Ovarian follicle
201
__________ is a prolonged, and often painful, erection that is not associated with sexual arousal.
Priprism
202
_________ is a fatty mass of tissue that projects into the lumen of a vessel.
Plaque
203
How long does it take for the fertilized egg to migrate to, and implant on, the uterine wall?
8 days
204
The secretion of this hormone by the placenta and corpus luteum, causes flexibility of the public symphysis so as to facilitate delivery.
Relaxin
205
The pressure contributed by a signal gas is the _________ pressure of that gas.
Partial
