A+P: Lecture 2 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Shoulder/glenohumeral joint Type
A
Ball-and-socket joint
2
Q
Describe the shoulder/glenohumeral joint
A
- Large, hemispherical head of humerus fits in small, shallow glenoid cavity of scapula
- Articular cartilage & capsule contain synovial fluid for lubrication
3
Q
What is the most freely moving joint in the body? what is the catch?
A
The shoulder, but it is the most unstable joint
4
Q
What is the glenoid labrum & function?
A
- fibrocartilaginous rim around glenoid cavity
- Helps to add depth to shallow cavity
5
Q
What are the reinforcing ligaments of the shoulder?
A
- Coracohumeral ligament
- 3 capsular glenohumeral ligaments
–> superior, middle, inferior
6
Q
What is the function of these capsular glenohumeral ligaments?
A
main stabilizing aspect on the anterior aspect of the shoulder
7
Q
What contributes most to joint stability of the shoulder?
A
Reinforcing muscle tendons
8
Q
What is considered the “superstablizer” of the shoulder & function?
A
- Tendon of long head of biceps brachii
- Secures humerus to glenoid cavity
9
Q
Muscles of the rotator cuff
A
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
- teres minor
10
Q
What makes up the elbow joint?
A
Humerus articulates w/ radius & ulna
11
Q
What does the annular ligament do?
A
surrounds head of radius
12
Q
What are the two capsular ligaments of the elbow & their function?
A
- Medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL): mostly connects the humerus to the ulna
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL): contains the radial LCL, ulnar LCL, & annular ligament
13
Q
Which bone articulates with the humerus distally?
A
The ulna
14
Q
Describe the annular ligament?
A
a band that goes from ulnar to ulnar; surrounds radial head but attaches to the ulnar; keeps radius attached to the ulnar. Stabilizes
15
Q
Prime mover for shoulder flexion
A
Deltoid - anterior fibers
16
Q
Prime mover for shoulder extension
A
Latissimus dorsi & deltoid - posterior fibers
17
Q
Prime mover for shoulder abduction
A
Deltoid
18
Q
Prime mover for shoulder adduction
A
pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi
19
Q
Prime mover for shoulder medial rotation
A
subscapularis
20
Q
Prime mover for shoulder lateral rotation
A
Infraspinatus & teres minor
21
Q
Prime mover for forearm elbow flexion
A
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
22
Q
Prime mover for forearm elbow extension
A
triceps brachii
23
Q
Prime mover for forearm pronation
A
pronator quadratus
24
Q
Primer mover for wrist flexion
A
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexor digitorum superficialis
25
Primer mover for finger extension/abduction
extensor digitorum
26
What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball-and-socket
27
What does the femur articulate with?
the acetabulum
28
Describe the ROM for the hip joint
Good ROM, but limited by the deep socket
29
Describe acetabular labrum
rim of fibrocartilage that enhances depth of socket
30
Are hip dislocations common or rare?
rare
31
Ligament of head of femur
- one of the deepest ligaments in the hip joint
- Slack during most hip movements, so not important in stabilizing
- Does contain artery that supplies head of femur in babies
32
Why is the ligament of head of femur so important in babies?
it contains some arteries that supply the head of the femur
33
Other 3 reinforcing ligaments of the hip
- Iliofemoral ligament (Y-shaped) limits overextension
- Pubofemoral ligament limits abduction & overextension at hip
- Ischiofemoral ligament (posterior runs anteriorly) & limits overextension
34
General description of the knee joint
Consists of 3 joints surrounded by single cavity w/ ~12 bursae
35
3 joints of the knee
- Femoropatellar joint
- Lateral joint & Medial joint
--> collectively called the tibiofemoral joint
36
Describe the Femoropatellar joint
- Plane joint
- Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
37
Describe the tibiofemoral joint
- Joint b/t femoral condyles & lateral
& medial menisci of tibia
- Hinge joint that allows flexion, extension & some rotation when knee partly flexed
38
Function of menisci
provide cushion & shock absorption
39
Describe/Function of the ACL
- Attaches to anterior tibia
- Prevents forward sliding of tibia & stops hyperextension of knee
- Deepest ligament
40
Which test is used to assess the ACL?
Anterior Draw Test: see if the tibia will move anteriorly
41
Describe/Function of the ACL
- Attaches to posterior tibia
- Prevents backward sliding of tibia & forward sliding of femur
42
Function of LCL & MCL
prevent rotation when knee is extended
43
Prime mover for hip flexion
Iliopsoas
44
Prime mover for hip extension
gluteus maximus & biceps femoris
45
Prime mover for hip abduction
gluteus medius
46
Prime mover for knee flexion
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
47
Prime mover for knee extension
rectus femoris & vastus muscles
48
Prime mover for ankle plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius & Soleus
49
Prime mover for dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior
50
Prime mover for ankle inversion
tibialis posterior
51
Prime mover for toe flexion
flexor digitorum longus
52
Prime mover for toe flexion (big toe)
Flexor hallicus longus
53
Prime mover for toe extension
extensor digitorum longus
54
Prime mover for toe extension (big toe)
extensor hallicus longus
55
What happens to our ligaments & tendons as we age?
shorten & weaken
56
Most people at what age have some degree of OA?
70s
57
What is key to postponing joint problems?
full ROM exercise
58
The brachial plexus & upper limb is formed by
Formed by C5–C8 & T1
59
Four major branches of this plexus from proximal to distal
- Roots
- Trunks
- Divisions
- Cords
60
The brachial plexus supplies most of the...
motor & sensory innervation of the upper extremity
61
Describe the Roots (anterior rami) & terminal nerves. (DRAW)
- Axillary C5, C6,
- Musculocutaneous C5,C6
- Median C5,C6, C8, T1
- RadialC7
- Ulnar C8, T1
62
Axillary gives its proximity to the___ & is susceptible to damage w/___.
- surgical neck of the shoulder
- fractures of the humerus
63
Axillary
Motor:
Sensory:
-Motor: deltoid & teres minor muscles
- Sensory: skin of shoulder
64
Musculocutaneous
Motor:
Sensory:
- Motor: muscles of anterior arm (think flexion)
- Sensory: terminates as lateral cutaneous n. of forearm
65
Median nerve doesn't ____. It goes through the ___.
- innervate anything in the arm
- carpal tunnel
66
Median
Motor:
Sensory:
-Motor: muscles of the hand (flexion of the anterior hand)
- Sensory: some skin of hand
67
Ulnar
Motor:
Sensory:
- Motor: 1½ muscles in anterior forearm, most intrinsic muscles of hand
- Sensory: some skin of hand
68
Damage to this nerve can cause "wrist drop"
radial nerve
69
Radial
Motor:
Sensory:
- Motor: all muscles of posterior arm & forearm
- Sensory: skin of posterior arm,
forearm & hand
70
What does the lumbar plexus innervate?
anterior thigh (hip & knee flexors) & medial thigh (adductors)
71
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
the quadriceps & skin of anterior thigh & medial surface of leg
(goes right under inguinal ligament)
72
What does the obturator nerve pass through?
the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles of medial thigh
(runs through obturator foramen & inguinal ligament)
73
Pathway of sacral plexus?
greater sciatic foramen inf--> piriformis muscle--> post compartment of the thigh--> popliteal fossa--> splits into nerves which are found in the posterior thigh
74
The sacral plexus serves
the gluteal muscles & posterior thigh muscles (i.e. hamstrings)
75
Sciatic nerve function
Innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus & most muscles in leg & foot
76
The sciatic nerve is composed of what 2 nerves?
tibial & common fibular
77
Cervical
Ventral Rami:
Major Nerves:
C1- C4
- Phrenic
78
Brachial
Ventral Rami:
Major Nerves:
C5-T1
- Axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar
79
Lumbar
Ventral Rami:
Major Nerves:
L1-L4
- femoral, obturator
80
Sacral
Ventral Rami:
Major Nerves:
L4-L5
- Sciatic
81
The thigh has how many compartments?
3
- anterior, posterior, medial
82
The lower leg has how many compartment?
4
- ant, lateral, posterior deep, posterior superficial
