A&P Meat and potatoes

Question 1

-synthesize, store, release renin

-act as mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure

-enlarged smooth muscles cells of arteriole

Answer 1

granular cells (juxtaglomerular/JG cells

Question 2

-chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

-tall closely packed cells of ascending loop of Henle

Answer 2

Macula densa

Question 3

the filtration membrane consist of what 3 things

Answer 3

1. fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
2. Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule(podocytes with foot processes and filtration)
3. Gel-like basement membrane (fused basal laminae of the two other layers)

Question 4

the filtration membrane’s, _________charged basement membrane repels large anions such as ______ ______.

Answer 4

negatively charged basement membrane repels large anions such as plasma proteins

Question 5

The basement membranes has a negative charge. What does this repel?

Answer 5

negative proteins

Question 6

Name the three major renal processes?

Answer 6

Glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

Question 7

the net filtration pressure is determined by ?

3 things

Answer 7

• glomerular hydrostatic pressure
• colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
• Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

GFR is governed by what three things?

(physiological)

Answer 8

• total surface area available for filtration
• filtration membrane permeability
• net filtration pressure

Question 9

GFR is tightly controlled by what two types of mechanisms

Answer 9

• intrinsic control (auto regulation) act locally within kidney “prostanoids”
• extrinsic controls (nervous & endocrine that maintain blood pressure, but affect kidney function)

Question 10

two types of renal auto regulation that control GFR are ?

not prostanoids and hormones

Answer 10

two types of renal auto regulation that control GFR are ?

• myogenic mechanism
• tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Question 11

Myogenic mechanism maintains GFR by:

if BP is high?

if BP is Low?

Answer 11

• if BP is high, afferent arterioles constrict which helps maintain GFR and protect glomeruli from damaging
• if BP is low afferents arterioles constrict to help maintain normal GFR

Question 12

in regards to intrinsic control of GFR regulated by tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism:

• the macula densa cells of the JGA respond to increased ______by releasing ______causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole thereby decreasing ____.
• gives the PCT time to reabsorb more NaCl

Answer 12

• increased NaCl
• ATP
• decreasing GFR

Question 13

under normal conditions at rest renal blood vessels are dilated and auto regulation mechanism controlled by _______ _______ _______ prevails.

Answer 13

sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

in regards to sympathetic nervous system control of renal blood flow and filtration:

In times of extreme stress ______and ______ are released causing constriction of the afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and release of ______

Answer 14

norepinephrine

epinephrine

renin

Question 15

in regards to the kidney:

• norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to beta 1 causing ______.
• norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to alpha 1 causing _______.
• which results in ______.

Answer 15

• release of renin
• vasoconstriction
• decreased GFR and reabsorb more water

Question 16

When renin is released from the granular cells of the JGA it bust of a cascade. Tell me about.

Answer 16

• angiotensin (a plasma globulin)
• cleaved by renin (enzyme)
• kapow we got some angiotensin 1

-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

-angiotensin 2

-aldosterone

Question 17

the effects of angiotensin 2 are:

1.

2.

3.

Answer 17

1-constricts arteriolar smooth muscle-increases MAP

2-stimulates Na reabsorption via direct action on renal tubules and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

3. Stimulates the hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center
4. constricts efferent arterioles decreasing peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure increasing fluid reabsorption
5. causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract decreasing surface area for filtration

Question 18

angiotensin’s main overall function is to maintain ?

Answer 18

maintain patient volume status in times of stress

Question 19

Three triggers that cause release of Angiotensin by granular cells to maintain systemic blood pressure.

“please know all three”, (Captain Frida 2021)

Answer 19

1. -reduced stretch (baroceptor) of granular cells (MAP below 80) “decreased systemic BP”
2. -stimulation of granular cells by macula densa cells
3. -stimulation of granular cells via B1 (norepi or epi) adrenergic receptors by renal nerves

Question 20

“because cautious with renal patients, patients who’s lab indicate renal damage, or some one taking NSAIDS because vasoconstriction by norepi and angiotension 2 might be counteracted by________.

Answer 20

autacoids

prostaglandin E2 (PGI 2)

Question 21

_____ _____ makes up ___% of nephrons, almost entirely in the _____

Answer 21

cortical nephrons

85%

cortex

Question 22

vasopressin binding to A1 releases ___causing increase of ______ _____ by acting on the collecting duct via _______.

Answer 22

ADH

water reabsorption

aquaporins

Question 23

the majority of sodium is reabsorbed where?

Answer 23

straight proximal tubule

Question 24

most water reabsorption take place where?

Answer 24

proximal convuluted tubule

Question 25

name two hormones that regulate water reabsorption?

Answer 25

ADH aldosterone (via ion regulation)

Question 26

most sodium is reabsorbed via the action of the\_\_\_\_. (primary active transport out of the tubule in the basolateral membrane)

Answer 26

NaK ATPase pump

Question 27

the most abundant cation in filtrate is?

Answer 27

sodium

Question 28

the reabsorption of \_\_\_\_\_provides the energy and the means of reabsorbing most other substances

Answer 28

sodium

Question 29

organic nutrients are reabsorbed via

Answer 29

secondary active transport (atp and co-transporters)

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_is a selective transepithelial process in which all organic nutrients are reabsorbed and water and ion reabsorption are hormonally regulated

Answer 30

tubular reabsorption

Question 31

the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 31

65% of Na and water all nutrients ions small proteins

Question 32

the descending loop of Henle absorbs

Answer 32

water

Question 33

the ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs

Answer 33

Na, K, Cl

Question 34

the descending loop of Henle is thin and absorbs water while the ascending loop of Henle is thicker has ____ and reabsorbs ions.

Answer 34

pumps

Question 35

the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are \_\_\_\_\_\_regulated and reabsorb \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and\_\_\_.

Answer 35

Ca water Na

Question 36

Calcium reabsorption is regulated by what hormone?

Answer 36

parathyroid hormone

Question 37

water reabsorption is regulated by what hormone?

Answer 37

ADH

Question 38

sodium reabsorption is regulated by what two hormone?

Answer 38

Aldosterone and ANP

Question 39

what hormone targets collecting ducts (principal cells) and the DCT to promote synthesis of luminal Na and K channels and promotes synthesis of basolateral NaK ATPase

Answer 39

aldosterone

Question 40

the mechanism in which we eliminate excess K, Hydrogen, creatine, organic acids and control blood PH by altering Hydrogen and bicarb in the urine

Answer 40

tubular secretion

Question 41

what hormone plays a part in the elimination of K?

Answer 41

aldosterone

Question 42

the countercurrent multiplier is ?

Answer 42

filtrate flow in the loop of Henle

Question 43

the concurrent exchanger is ?

Answer 43

blood flow in the vasa recta

Question 44

the biggest player in regards to concentrating urine?

Answer 44

ADH

Question 45

the role of the countercurrent mechanism is to?

Answer 45

the role of the countercurrent mechanism is to? - establish an osmotic gradient from renal cortex through the medulla - allows kidneys to vary urine concentration

Question 46

concurrent multiplier: the \_\_\_\_\_is freely permable to water which passes out the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid

Answer 46

descending loop of Henle

Question 47

the **descending loop of henle** is permeable to \_\_\_\_and impermeable to \_\_\_\_\_\_which results in increasingly concentrated filtrate osmolarity of 300-1200. the **ascending loop of henle** is permeable to \_\_\_\_and impermeable to ______ which results in increasingly dilute filtrate osmolarity of 100

Answer 47

the **descending loop of henle is permeable** **to water and impermeable to NaCl** which results in increasingly concentrated filtrate **osmolarity of 300-1200.** the **ascending loop of henle is permeable to NaCl and impermeable to water** which results in increasingly dilute filtrate **osmolarity of 100**

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_contributes to the high osmolality in the medulla

Answer 48

urea

Question 49

delivers blood to medullary tissues

Answer 49

vasa recta

Question 50

slide 27 in red - has a short loop of Henle and glomerulus further from corticomedullary junction - efferent arteriole supplies **peritubular capillaries**

Answer 50

cortical nephron

Question 51

slide 27 in red - has a long loop of henle and glomerulus closer to the corticomedullary junctions - efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

Answer 51

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 52

filtrate is diluted in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_by pulling sodium out with pumps.

Answer 52

ascending loop of Henley

Question 53

in the absence of \_\_\_\_dilute filtrate continues into the renal pelvis as dilute urine

Answer 53

ADH

Question 54

freely permeable to water which passes out of the filtrate into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid

Answer 54

descending loop of Henle

Question 55

where is? -filtrate osmolality decreases to 100 mOsm

Answer 55

ascending limb of the loop of henle

Question 56

Na and Cl are passively reabsorbed in the ______ segment and actively reabsorbed in the _______ segment of ascending loop of Henle.

Answer 56

thin thick

Question 57

as filtrate passes through the descending loop of Henle _____ is removed and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ goes into the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity _______ and the filtrate becoming more \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 57

as filtrate passes through the descending loop of Henle water is removed and sodium chloride goes into the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity increasing and the filtrate becoming more concentrated.

Question 58

as filtrate passes through the ascending loop of Henle water is ______ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ goes out of the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity ______ and the filtrate becoming more \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 58

as filtrate passes through the ascending loop of Henle water is absorbed and sodium chloride goes out of the filtrate resulting in the osmolarity decreasing and the filtrate becoming more dilute.

Question 59

**-highly permeable to H20, sluggish blood flow, letting time for reabsorption of NaCl and water** - maintains osmotic gradient - delivers blood to medullary tissues - prevents rapid removal of salt by removing reabsorbed H20

Answer 59

vasa recta

Question 60

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts

Answer 60

ADH

Question 61

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts

Answer 61

ADH

Question 62

formation of concentrated urine depends on the medullary \_\_\_\_\_gradient and \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 62

osmotic ADH