A&P midterm review

Question 1

which gland is considered the master endocrine gland?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus – it is the master of the endocrine system and the pituitary gland

Question 2

what do we call the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

The Master Gland – it is responsible for secreting several hormones that control other endocrine glands.

Question 3

What is the name of the system that transports blood from the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary?

Answer 3

Hypophyseal Portal System

Question 4

A portal system used to pass hormones that release or inhibit anterior pituitary hormones to the anterior pituitary form the hypothalamus. In this system, blood flows from one capillary network into a portal vein then into a second capillary network before returning to the heart.

Answer 4

Hypophyseal Portal System

Question 5

These are able to penetrate through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell.

Answer 5

lipid soluble hormones

Question 6

unable to penetrate through the plasma membrane and function with their target cells in a much different and complex manner.

Answer 6

water soluble hormones

Question 7

which hormones are lipid soluble?

Answer 7

steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Gas

Question 8

which hormones are water soluble?

Answer 8

Amines
peptides and proteins
Eicosanoids

Question 9

A Hyper-secretion of Growth Hormone causes abnormal increase in the length of long bones. Body proportions are generally normal. Bones of the hands, feet, cheeks and jaws thicken, other tissues enlarge and eyelids, lips, tongue and nose enlarge and the skin thickens and develops furrows (especially at the forehead and soles).

Answer 9

Acromegaly

Question 10

what is another name for acromegaly?

Answer 10

Gigantism

Question 11

Hyposecretion of GH during the growing years slows bone growth and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached. Other organs of the body fail to grow and the body proportions are childlike. Can be treated with GH during childhood before the epiphyseal plates close.

Answer 11

Pituitary Dwarfism

Question 12

Most common hyperthyroidism condition. Occurs 7-10 times more frequently in women than men and generally before age 40. It causes the person to produce antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid stimulating hormone. Antibodies continuously stimulate the thyroid gland and grow and produce thyroid hormones.

Answer 12

Graves Disease

Question 13

What are the two things that Anti-Diuretic hormone cause your body to retain?

Answer 13

water

Sodium

Question 14

known as a low blood glucose

Answer 14

Hypoglycemia

Question 15

what is Hypoglycemia caused by?

Answer 15

can be caused by a low level of hGH and IGF’s decrease the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and glucose enters the blood more slowly. If blood glucose continues to fall below normal that hypoglycemia inhibits the release of GHIH.

Question 16

Released from Somatotrophs to target the Liver and other tissues.

Answer 16

Human growth hormone (HGH)

Question 17

Released by Neurosecretory cells of the Hypothalamus to target Kidneys, sudoriferous glands and arterioles.

Answer 17

Anti-Diuretic

Question 18

the master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function (including the secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine). These hormones control the body’s metabolic rate, heat generation, neuromuscular function and heart rate, among other things.

Answer 18

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

Question 19

What is the Function of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone? What are they targeted for? What do they act upon?

Answer 19

The Brain

Question 20

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone. Also known as Chronic Adrenocortical insufficiency. Pathogens such as the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, also may trigger adrenal cortex destruction. Loss of aldosterone leads to elevated potassium and decreased sodium in the blood, low BP, dehydration, decreased cardiac output, arrhythmias, and even cardiac arrest, bronzed skin.

Answer 20

Addison’s Disease

Question 21

Adult form of hypothyroidism. Occurs 5 times more frequently in females than males. Symptoms of edema to the facial tissues, slow heart rate, low body temperature, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, muscular weakness, generally lethargy and tendency to gain weight easily, possible decrease in alertness.

Answer 21

Myxedema

Question 22

Enlarged Thyroid gland. May be associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or euthyroidism (normal secretion). Usually due to inadequate dietary intake of iodine which causes low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood which stimulates the secretion of TSH causing the enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Answer 22

Goiter

Question 23

What is the Function of Parathyroid Hormone?

Answer 23

Parathyroid hormone is released from chief cells, it is secreted when there are low levels of CA2+ in the blood and inhibited if there are high levels of CA2+ in the blood. It helps to increase bone resorption by osteoclasts; promoted the formulation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) which increases the rate of dietary CA2+ and g2+ absorption.

Question 24

Part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

Answer 24

Renin

Question 25

Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.

Answer 25

Calcitriol

Question 26

Decreases BP

Answer 26

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 27

Supresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

Answer 27

Leptin

Question 28

A condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.

Answer 28

Acidosis

Question 29

Most often occurs when a diabetic injects too much insulin. Main symptom is Hypoglycemia (decrease in blood glucose level) because excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells.

Answer 29

Hyperinsullinism

Question 30

The inability to produce or use insulin.

Answer 30

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 31

Function of Cortisol?

Answer 31

A steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of vital processes throughout the body, including metabolism and the immune response. It also has a very important role in helping the body respond to stress.

Question 32

What is the function of Aldosterone?

Answer 32

Promotes homeostasis of NA+ and K+, adjusts blood pressure and volume, promotes the secretion of H+, removal of acids in the body, preventing acidosis.

Question 33

What is the function of Progesterone?

Answer 33

Maintain pregnancy; helps prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk.

Question 34

What is the function of the Thyroid Hormones?

Answer 34

Increase in the basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production; increase lipolysis; enhance cholesterol excretion; accelerate body growth; contribute to development of nervous system.

Question 35

Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

Answer 35

Insulin

Question 36

Raises blood glucose level by accelerating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, converting other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing glucose into blood.

Answer 36

Glucagon

Question 37

Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 37

Somatostatin

Question 38

What is the function of Calcitonin?

Answer 38

Regulates Calcium Homeostasis, it can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts (cells that break down extracellular matrix)

Question 39

Prolonged exposure to large amounts of hormones

Answer 39

Down Regulation

Question 40

Promotes milk production by mammary glands.

Answer 40

Prolactin

Question 41

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands to cause milk ejection.

Answer 41

Oxytocin

Question 42

regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.

Answer 42

Testosterone

Question 43

makes up 75% of the Pituitary Gland, Made of epithelial tissue, anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated by releasing hormones and inhibited by inhibiting hormones; they help regulate a number of functions from growth to reproduction.

Answer 43

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 44

2 parts of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 44

Pars Distalis – Larger Portion | Pars Tuberalis – Forms a Sheath around the Infundibulum

Question 45

this is the Posterior part of the Pituitary Gland, it is composed of Neural Tissue and it does NOT synthesize hormones but rather it stores and releases 2 hormones.

Answer 45

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 46

2 parts of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 46

Pars Nervosa – Larger Bulbar Portion | Infundibulum –Stalk that connects Pituitary and Hypothalamus

Question 47

what structure connects the hypothalamus & pituitary gland?

Answer 47

Connected via a stalk called the Infundibulum

Question 48

Function of Thyroid hormones

Answer 48

1. )Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) the rate of oxygen consumption 2. )The thyroid hormones enhance some actions of the catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) because they up - regulate beta receptors. 3. )Together with human growth hormone and insulin, thyroid hormones accelerate body growth, particularly the growth of the nervous and skeletal systems.

Question 49

Role of parathyroid hormone

Answer 49

It helps maintain an appropriate balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning

Question 50

How does alcohol affect antidiuretic hormone

Answer 50

Alcohol suppresses Antidiuretic hormone, which is why you pee more

Question 51

If a hormone is deficient the number of receptors may increase. This makes a target cell more sensitive to a specific hormone.

Answer 51

Up Regulation

Question 52

Symptoms of low blood calcium

Answer 52

Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, fatigue, muscle Problems, Skin Symptoms, Painful Premenstrual Syndome, Dental Problems.

Question 53

A hormone secrete by the Zona Fasciculate, the most common glucocorticoid is cortisol

Answer 53

Glucocorticoid

Question 54

What are glucocorticoids 6 main effects in the body

Answer 54

1. )Protein Breakdown 2. )Glucose Formation 3. )Lipolysis 4. )Resistance to Stress 5. )Anti-inflammatory Effects 6. )Depression of Immune Responses

Question 55

What is the effect of insulin on the body and how it is regulated? What cell produce it?

Answer 55

Insulin is released by Beta Cells of Pancreatic Islets. Insulin lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis) and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

Question 56

What hormones are involved in the fight or flight response

Answer 56

Epinephrine | Norepinephrine

Question 57

What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone?

Answer 57

Females: Initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen. Males: stimulates the testes to produce sperm.

Question 58

How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect BP?

Answer 58

When blood vessels are dilated, blood pressure is often increases due to the amount of blood that can flow through the vascular system, when blood vessels are constricted the blood pressure is often reduced due to the lack of blood that is able to flow through the vascular system at one time.

Question 59

What are the different types of shock and their symptoms?

Answer 59

Hypovolemic: decreased blood flow. Cardiogenic: due to poor heart function. Vascular: due to inappropriate vasodilation. Obstructive: Obstruction of blood flow.

Question 60

decreased blood flow.

Answer 60

Hypovolemic

Question 61

due to poor heart function.

Answer 61

Cardiogenic

Question 62

due to inappropriate vasodilation.

Answer 62

Vascular

Question 63

Obstruction of blood flow.

Answer 63

Obstructive

Question 64

An extreme and life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis very rarely seen today.

Answer 64

Thyroid Storm

Question 65

Thyroid storm treatment

Answer 65

- Peripheral cooling without causing shivering - Replacing fluids, glucose, and electrolytes - Drugs are used to block the undesirable effects of T4 on the hearts function, correct adrenal insufficiency and to inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

Question 66

What is the difference in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 66

Type 1 is inulin dependant, type 2 is not.

Question 67

what are they 3 P's of diabetes?

Answer 67

Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Question 68

Increased urination production due to the inability of the kidneys to reabsorb water

Answer 68

Polyuria

Question 69

Excessive thirst

Answer 69

Polydipsia

Question 70

Excessive Eating

Answer 70

Polyphagia

Question 71

Hormones in various stages of general adaptation syndrome

Answer 71

Fight or Flight - Initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla. Resistance Reaction –Involved hormones are: Corticotropin releasing hormone, Growth Hormone releasing hormone, Thyrotropin Releasing hormone. Exhaustion: Cortisol.

Question 72

monitor changes in pressure and stretch on walls of blood vessels

Answer 72

Baroreceptors

Question 73

monitor concentrations of chemicals in the body

Answer 73

Chemo Receptors

Question 74

monitor movement of joints and muscles

Answer 74

Proprioceptors

Question 75

What are the two Baro-receptor reflexes?

Answer 75

Carotid Sinus Reflex: helps regulate blood pressure in the brain Aortic Reflex: regulates systemic blood pressure

Question 76

local hormones that act on neighbouring cells | “para” means besides or near

Answer 76

Paracrine

Question 77

local hormones that act on the cell they are secreted from | “auto” means self

Answer 77

Autocrine

Question 78

Which proteins enters into a cell- Lipid or Water soluble?

Answer 78

Lipid – These are able to penetrate through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell.

Question 79

Which proteins interacts with receptors on the plasma membrane- Lipid or Water Soluble?

Answer 79

Water – unable to penetrate through the plasma membrane and function with their target cells in a much different and complex manner.

Question 80

Which substance is the “second” messenger?

Answer 80

Cyclic AMP

Question 81

Secrete Growth Hormone (GH) also known as somatotropin. | -This stimulates general body growth and regulates aspects of metabolism.

Answer 81

Somatotrophs

Question 82

Secrete gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). -This stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries and stimulation of sperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.

Answer 82

Gomatotrophs

Question 83

Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) aka thyrotropin | -Controlling the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland.

Answer 83

Thyrotrophs

Question 84

Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin -Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Some may also secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone.

Answer 84

Corticotrophs

Question 85

What are the 3 zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

Answer 85

Outer Zone: “zona glomerulosa” – cells are closely packed and arranged in spherical clusters and arched columns, secrete hormones called mineralocorticoids (affect mineral homeostasis). Middle Zone: “zona fasciculate” – cells arranged in long straight columns, secreteglucocorticoids (affect glucose homeostasis) Inner Zone: “zona reticularis” – cells are arranged in branching cords, secrete weak androgens (steroid with masculinizing effects)

Question 86

What are the hormones secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

Answer 86

Aldosterone Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens

Question 87

What is the role of renin in the Kidney?

Answer 87

Part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

Question 88

Why are glucocorticoids prescribed to people with organ transplants?

Answer 88

High doses of glucocorticoids depress the immune system, for this reason, glucocorticoids are often prescribing for patients who have undergone organ transplant to retard tissue rejection by the immune system.

Question 89

Which systems are likely to be impacted as a result of stress?

Answer 89

Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Immune System Neurologic System

Question 90

Promotes the secretion of gastric juices, increases movement of the stomach

Answer 90

Gastrin

Question 91

Increases the rate of red blood cell formation

Answer 91

Erythropoietin

Question 92

Supresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

Answer 92

Leptin

Question 93

Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices; regulates release of bile from the gallbladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating.

Answer 93

Cholecytokinin

Question 94

Maintains pregnancy; helps prepare mammary glands to secrete milk.

Answer 94

Estrogen

Question 95

Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

Answer 95

Calcitriol

Question 96

Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

Answer 96

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Question 97

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juices and bile.

Answer 97

Secretin

Question 98

Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.

Answer 98

Renin

Question 99

What are the full names of Thyroid Hormone 3 and Thyroid Hormone 4?

Answer 99

T3: Triiodothyronine T4: Tetraiodothyronine