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MLA > A&P Part 1 > Flashcards

A&P Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of body structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of how the body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The study of larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

Also referred to as macroscopic anatomy

A

Gross anatomy

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4
Q

The study of structures that can be observed only with the use of microscope or other magnification devices

Includes cytology, the study of cells and histology the study of tissues.

A

Microscopic anatomy

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5
Q

Defined as a mechanism that maintains a stable internal environment despite the changes present in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

the sum of all chemical and physical reactions to sustain life

A

Metabolism

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7
Q

Is the destruction process in which complex substances are broken down into simple substances

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

The constructive process of converting simple substances into more complex substances

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

The most basic level. Are chemicals that make up the body

A

Chemical level

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10
Q

The smallest living unit of structure and function. Each is made up of chemicals and carries out specific chemical reactions

A

Cellular level

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11
Q

A group of cells that work together to accomplish one or more specific functions

A

Tissue level

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12
Q

A group of tissues arranged to accomplish specific functions.

An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissues types

A

Organ level

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13
Q

Different directions a body is cut to reveal different views

A

Body planes

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14
Q

Divides the body vertically into front and back portions

A

Frontal

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15
Q

Divides the body vertically into equal right and left portions

A

Medial

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16
Q

Divides the body vertically into right and left portions

A

Sagittal

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17
Q

Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions

A

Transverse

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18
Q

Fundamental units of life.

Provides structure and stability to providing energy and a means of reproduction for an organism

A

Cells

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19
Q

Encloses the contents of a cell, provides a protective barrier that selectively allows certain substances to move in and out when needed

A

Cell membrane

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20
Q

Proteins thats are embedded in the membrane.

Permanently attached to the plasma membrane

Functions include channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane

A

Integral proteins

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21
Q

Proteins that are temporarily attached to the plasma membrane

Functions are supported, communication, enzymes and molecule transferase

A

Peripheral proteins

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22
Q

these proteins pass the message to integral proteins, and the message is carried inside the cell

A

Communication

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23
Q

To maintain both the intracellular cytoskeleton and components of the extracellular matrix

A

Supported

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24
Q

To break it down or to combine it with another molecule

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

protein transfer electrons from integral proteins they are attached to and can pass the electrons to other proteins and molecules

A

Molecule transferase

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26
Q

the control centre of the cell as it governs the function of the cell

It stores all of the genetic instructions for manufacturing proteins

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

Contains mostly h2o with dissolved nutrients and fills up the rest of the cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

Main component of the cytoplasm are

A

Cytoplasm, organelles and various cytoplasmic inclusions

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29
Q

organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components, such as damaged organelle

Autophagy (self-eating) is the process of a cell digesting its own structures

A

Lysosome

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30
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

Prominent roles are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP, through respiration and to regulate cellular metabolism

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

Membrane is dotted with embedded granules — organelles called ribosomes, giving the ER a bumpy appearance

Synthesis and modification of proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export from the cell.

A

Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

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32
Q

Main function is in the synthesis of lipids.

Synthesizes phospholipids, the main component of biological membranes, as well as steroid hormones

A

Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

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33
Q

Responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office

Is membranous

A

Golgi Apparatus

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34
Q

Refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands

A

Epithelial tissue (also known as epithelium)

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35
Q

Binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.

Major function is to connect tissue and organs.

A

Connective tissue

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36
Q

Is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart

A

Muscle tissue

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37
Q

Also excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals that provide the body with information

A

Nervous tissue

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38
Q

Two main classes of cells that make up nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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39
Q

Propagates information via electrochemical impulses called action potentials, which are biochemically linked to the release of chemical signals

A

Neurons

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40
Q

Plays an essential role in supporting neurons and modulating their information propagation

A

Neuroglia

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41
Q

Is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body.

Compromises the skin and its appendages, which act as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain the body of the animal

A

Integumentary system

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42
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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43
Q

3 basic layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous

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44
Q

Composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.

Made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on the location of the body.

Does not have blood vessels within it

A

Epidermis

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45
Q

Is found in only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

A

Thick skin

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46
Q

Four types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

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47
Q

the predominant cell

Produces keratin, a fibrous protein that aide to skin protection, is responsible for the formation of the epidermal water barrier by making and secreting lipids

A

Keratinocyte

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48
Q

Produces melanin, a pigment found in the skin, eyes, hair, nasal cavity and inner ear

A

Melanocyte

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49
Q

are oval-shaped mechanoreceptors essential for light touch sensation and found in the skin of vertebrates

Are abundant in highly sensitive skin like that of the fingertips in humans

A

Merkel cells

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50
Q

Are type of immune cell found primarily in the epidermis that have important roles in the stimulation and suppression of the adaptive immune response

A

Langerhans cells

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51
Q

might be considered the “core” of the integumentary system.

Contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands

A

Dermis

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52
Q

Dermis layer contains

A

Blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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53
Q

Regulates temperature and fluid loss and is responsible for skin colour changes

A

Blood vessels

54
Q

Provides sensation of heat, cold, pressure, pain and touch

A

Nerve endings

55
Q

Produces sweat for temperature regulation and elimination of waste

A

Sweat glands

56
Q

Produces an oily substance that keeps the skin soft

A

Sebaceous glands

57
Q

Also called the subcutaneous layer

A layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia of the bones and muscles

A

Hypodermis

58
Q

Consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument

A

Hypodermis

59
Q

Main functions of the skin

A
  1. Protection
  2. Regulates body temp
  3. Aids in awareness of environment
  4. Protects body against fluid loss
  5. Eliminates waste products (perspiration)
  6. Production if vitamin D
  7. Communication
60
Q

skin disturbance that typically occurs on areas of the skin that are rich in sebaceous glands

Most common along with the onset of puberty due to associated hormonal changes

A

Acne

61
Q

an allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resemble rashes

May be accompanied by swelling of the skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding

A

Eczema

62
Q

results when the skin is damaged by intense heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals

Damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid

A

Burns

63
Q

when the process of collagen formation does not stop when the wound is healed

Results in the formation of a raised or hypertrophic scar

A

Keloid

64
Q

A structure of living tissue that grows, repairs and renews itself

A

Skeleton

65
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Supports the body
Facilitates movement
Protects internal organs
Stores and releases minerals and fat
Produces blood cells

66
Q

Organs of the skeletal system

A

Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Ligaments
Tendons

67
Q

Is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body

A

Bones

68
Q

____ of bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes

A

206

69
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

70
Q

Cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide.

Found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula) as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges)

Functions as levers; they move when muscles contract

A

Long bones

71
Q

Cube like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness

Only bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankle

Provides stability and support as well as some limited motion

A

Short bones

72
Q

although it is typically thin, it is also typically curved

Serves as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs

A

Flat bones

73
Q

Does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification

Tend to have more complex shape, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces

A

Irregular bones

74
Q

is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed

Protects tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces

Typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands and knees

Patella are the only bones found in common with every person

A

Sesamoid bones

75
Q

Supports the weight of the head, neck, and the trunk

Protects the spinal cord

Maintains an upright body position

Consists of 26 bones

A

Vertebrae

76
Q

Parts of the vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

77
Q

___ vertebrae located in the neck

A

7

78
Q

___ vertebrae located in the chest

A

12

79
Q

___ located in the inferior portion of the back

A

5

80
Q

Curved vertebrae located at the bottom

A

Sacrum

81
Q

The tail bone consisting of 3-5 small vertebrae

A

Coccyx

82
Q

Is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of collagenous extracellular matrix, abundant ground substance that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers

Does not contain blood vessels or nerves

A

Cartilage

83
Q

A glycoprotein abundant in cartilage and synovial fluid, plays a major role in biolubrication and wear protection of cartilage

A

Lubricin

84
Q

Also called an articulation

Any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together to form a connection

A

Joint

85
Q

the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones

A

Ligament

86
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

tendons

87
Q

axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest and back

serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs

also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs

A

axial skeleton

88
Q

axial skeleton of an adult consists of ____ bones including the skull, ther vertebral column and the thoracic cage.

A

80

89
Q

includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

A

appendicular skeleton

90
Q

there are ____ bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult

A

126

91
Q

factors that affect bone growth and maintenance

A

heredity
nutrition
hormones
exercise or stress

92
Q

are soft tissues

main function is to move the skeleton

A

muscular system

93
Q

three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

94
Q

are voluntary muscles attached to bone

A

skeletal or striated

95
Q

involuntary muscle that lines the walls of internal organs such as intestines or veins and arteries

A

smooth or visceral

96
Q

heart muscle

A

cardiac

97
Q

its ability to contract and cause movement

acts not only to produce movement but to also stop movement, such as resisting gravity to maintain posture

A

skeletal muscles

98
Q

is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, such as the arteries and veins in the circulatory system, and the tract of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive system

A

smooth muscle

99
Q

only found in the heart

is striated and organized into sarcomere, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle

100
Q

are under your conscious control

usually striated muscles

A

voluntary muscles

101
Q

are not under your conscious control

usually smooth and cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscles

102
Q

muscles functions

A

mobility, stability, posture, circulation, respiration, digestion, urination, childbirth, vision, organ protection, and temperature regulation

103
Q

moving away from the center

A

abduction

104
Q

moving towards the center

A

adduction

105
Q

bending of a joint

A

flexing

106
Q

straightening of a limb

A

extension

107
Q

hyperextension

A

straightening of a limb beyond its capabilities

108
Q

face down or hands palm down

A

pronation

109
Q

face up or hands palm up

A

supination

110
Q

turning a limb towards the body

A

internal rotation

111
Q

turning a limb away from the body

A

external rotation

112
Q

shrinkage of a muscle due to lack of use

A

atrophy

113
Q

can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

Nervous system

114
Q

is the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

115
Q

is everything else aside from the spinal and brain

plays a key role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

116
Q

functions of the nervous system

A
  1. allows communication throughout the body and regulates body function
  2. detects sensation
  3. controls movement and physiological functions
  4. controls intellectual processes
117
Q

are the basic cells of nervous tissue.

are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain

A

neurons

118
Q

is the fiber that connects a neuron with its target

A

axon

119
Q

are responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons

A

dendrites

120
Q

is insulation for axons in the nervous system

A

myelin

121
Q

are the principle glia of the PNS

A

schwan cells

122
Q

periodic gap in the insulating sheath on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

A

node of ravier

123
Q

they are supporting cells, and many functions are directed at helping neurons complete their function for communication

A

glial cells

124
Q

3 major sections of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

125
Q

responsible for coordinating all mental activities of thinking, voluntary movement

usually left is functionally dominant, controlling language and speech. the other side interprets visual and spatial information

A

cerebrum

126
Q

coordinates muscle activities and balance

can also play a role in cognitive functions like language and attention

A

cerebellum

127
Q

controls involuntary movements of vital organs

the stalk like part of your brain that connects your brain to your spinal cord

A

brain stem

128
Q

connects your brain to your lower back.

carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa

A

spinal cord

129
Q

are nervous system processes your brain runs automatically and without you thinking about them

A

autonomic system

130
Q

these are functions you manage by thinking about them

A

somatic system

131
Q

an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

MLA (12 decks)

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