A&P Quiz 4

Question 1

Pituitary gland is also called….

Answer 1

hypophysis

Question 2

Pineal

Answer 2

melatonin; circardian rhythm

Question 3

anterior pituitary

Answer 3

GH; cell growth

Question 4

Posterior pituitary

Answer 4

ADH; water balance

Question 5

thyroid

Answer 5

T3/T4; metabolism

Calcitonin; lower blood Ca

Question 6

parathyroid

Answer 6

PTH; raises blood Ca

Question 7

pancreas

Answer 7

insulin; lowers blood sugar

glucagon; raises blood sugar

Question 8

adrenal cortext

Answer 8

glucocorticoids; anti- inflammatory

Question 9

adrenal medulla

Answer 9

epinephrine; fight or flight

Question 10

Functions of Hormones

Answer 10

1. help regulate
2. control growth and development
3. regulate operation of reproduction systems

Question 11

peptides

Answer 11

water soluble

Question 12

circulating hormones

Answer 12

Most endocrine hormones are circulating hormones, they pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid and then into the blood. circulating hormones are carried through the bloodstream to act on DISTANT TARGET CELLS Paracrines act as neighboring cells, and autocrines act on the same cells that produced them.

Question 13

local hormone

Answer 13

Local hormones, by one definition, are biologically active polypeptides that are secreted by nerve cells and gland cells and act in a paracrine fashion but also enter the circulation. AFFECTS NEARBY CELLS

Question 14

role of LIGANDS

Answer 14

They do not enter the cell. the y are water soluble

THEY SIGNAL A PROCESS CALLED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Question 15

G- Protein

Answer 15

G- Protien

Question 16

what type of hormones regulate gene expression

Answer 16

lipid soluble hormone

Question 17

cell membrane and cytosol

Answer 17

lipid-insoluble hormone (water soluble)

Question 18

Nervous system is like….

Answer 18

gmail

Question 19

epricrine system is like….

Answer 19

facebook

Question 20

nervous system (comparison)

Answer 20

• neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses
• close to site of release
• muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, glands cells, and other neurons
• occurs in a couple of milliseconds
• generally briefer

Question 21

endocrine system (comparison)

Answer 21

-hormones are dellivered to tissues throughout body by blood
-far from site of release
- affects cells throughout body
-seconds to hours or days
generally longer

Question 22

Endocrine glands

Answer 22

secrete hormones into interstital fluid. then the hormones diffuse into the blood

Question 23

Hormones are either _________ (ex) or _____ (ex)

Answer 23

lipid- soluble (steriods, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide)

water soluble (modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins)

Question 24

lipid soluble hormones affect cell function by __________-

Answer 24

altering gene expression

Question 25

water soluble hormones- alter cell function by ______________________

Answer 25

activating plasma membrane receptor, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various proteins inside the cell

Question 26

Electrical signals

Answer 26

get amplified through signal transduction

Question 27

kinase

Answer 27

phosphates an enzymes. Adds a phosphate to an enzyme

Question 28

cytoplasmic receptor

Answer 28

signal transducer and activator of transcription

Question 29

posterior pituitary

Answer 29

ADH and Oxytocin stored here and released into capillaries

Question 30

sella turcica

Answer 30

where pituitary is located. pituitary postiery and anterior

Question 31

ADH= Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 31

also known as vasopressin. it is responsible for regulating the body's retention of water..... it will be secreted from posterior pituitary and it secrets to the kidnies retain more water, sudoriferous sweat glands decrease, arterioles will constrict

Question 32

vasopressin

Answer 32

causes the expression of aquaporins in the collecting duct and causes "increased water reabsorption; also simulates thirst

Question 33

parafollicular cells

Answer 33

are located on the thyroid gland. these help secrete calcitonin a hormone that lowers the level of blood calcium.

Question 34

thyroid gland. how many lobes

Answer 34

it has three... right left and pyramidal lobe

Question 35

TRH

Answer 35

thyroid releasing hormone. it is created by hypothyalmus and then it goes and is store is the ANTERIOR PITUITARy. the posterier pituitary will then secrete TSH

Question 36

TSH

Answer 36

Thyroid stimulated hormone. it is made by the anterior pitutary. and it will then go to the thyroid follicle.

Question 37

goiter

Answer 37

typically refers to an enlargement of the thyroid

Question 38

goiters what causes them?

Answer 38

iodine deficiency, selenium deficency

Question 39

What are important thyroid hormones

Answer 39

T4, T3

Question 40

another name for goiters?

Answer 40

hyperplasia

Question 41

What helps turn T4 into T3?

Answer 41

selenium

Question 42

what type of disease is graves disease?

Answer 42

autoimmune disease

Question 43

why are eyes vulnerable during grave disease?

Answer 43

the eye tissue contains proteins that appear similar to the immune system as those of the thyroid gland

Question 44

The pancreas lies in the curve of the__________. it has both _______ and _______ functions

Answer 44

lies in the curve of the duodenum. endocrine and exocrine

Question 45

(pancreas) the endocrine portion consists of ______ or ____, which are made up of alpha and beta cells.

Answer 45

pancreatic islets of islets of langerhans.

Question 46

(pancreas) alpha cells secrete____ | beta cells secrete____

Answer 46

glucagon (raise glucose level) insulin (lower glucose level) Note both of these are controlled by the level of glucose

Question 47

What type of feedback system is it called when blood glucose level is controlled by glucagon and insulin

Answer 47

negative feedback system

Question 48

What are glucocorticoids made out of and what do they help do

Answer 48

made out of corisol, they help promote a healthy metabolism, help relieve stress, and DECREASE INFLAMATION

Question 49

What are androgens?

Answer 49

they are secreted by the adrenal cortex and stimulate the growth of axillary and pubic hair, growth and development

Question 50

What secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 50

adrenal medullae

Question 51

what is the adrenal medullae regulated by?

Answer 51

sympathetic division of the ANS