Cardiovascular system

Question 1

What type of tissue is blood and where does it come from?

Answer 1

mesenchyme cells of mesoderm

Question 2

where do white blood cells come from

Answer 2

hematopoietic stem cells

Question 3

how long do red blood cells live

Answer 3

120 days

Question 4

What is another name for red blood cells? how are they considered incomplete? (amitotic)

Answer 4

erythrocytes. they lack a nucleous

Question 5

a general name for a white blood cell?

Answer 5

Leukocyte

Question 6

components of lymphocytes

Answer 6

b cells and t cells

Question 7

thrombocytes

Answer 7

these are platelets that assists in blood clotting

Question 8

mast cell

Answer 8

WBC in tissue throughout the body. they are similar to basophils however they do not circualate

Question 9

What is transported by blood?

Answer 9

transport oxygen, co2, water to cells

Question 10

What is normal blood pH levels?

Answer 10

7.3-7.45

Question 11

what is it called when pH is below 7.35?

Answer 11

acidosis. these makes a depression of the cns.

Question 12

alkadosis

Answer 12

when blood ph is above, can lead to hypersenstive, over excitable, often muscle spasms, nervousness, and convulsions

Question 13

Albumens

Answer 13

these proteins are very abundant and play a role in stablizing blood H. Most abudnet protien in blood.

Question 14

hypokalemia

Answer 14

low potassium

Question 15

3 main functions of blood

Answer 15

1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection

Question 16

what is blood made out of?

Answer 16

plasma and formed elements

Question 17

plurpionent cell makes myloid and lymphoid cells

Answer 17

myloid (blood cells)
lymphoid cells (white blood cells)

Question 18

Abundance of leukocytes

Answer 18

1. Never- neutrophils
2. Let -lymphocytes- B/T cells
3. Monkies - monocytes- Macrophages
4. Eat - esophils
5. Banannas- basophils

Question 19

heme breaks down into….

Answer 19

iron

biliverdin –> bilirubin

Question 20

a build up of too much bilirubin can cause

Answer 20

liver failure

Question 21

Steps of blood clotting

Answer 21

1. Collagen fibers- exposed and platetes ahere
2. plateles- the release sticky chemicals
3. fibrin- acts as mesh to form clot

Question 22

what determines blood type?

Answer 22

the anti bodies (anti A and Anti B) in the blood plasma

Question 23

identify the different parts of the pericardium

Answer 23

1. fibrous pericardium- this is in the outer of it. it is stronger
2. serous pericardum- this is double membrane and it is softer.

Question 24

Name the parts of the serous pericardium

Answer 24

1. parietal layer
2. visceral layer - closer to inner heart

• between these two cavities is the PERICARDIAL CAVITY- a space filled with pericardial fluid that reduces friction between two membranes

Question 25

how many layers does the wall of the heart have?

Answer 25

1. epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 26

endocardium- tunica intima

Answer 26

this is close to the myocardium and it has blood vessels

Question 27

how are cardiac muscles arranged?

Answer 27

spiral bundles (spiral fascicles)

Question 28

what does each of the two arteries that leave the heart have?

Answer 28

a semilunar valve

Question 29

systole

Answer 29

contractions

Question 30

diastole

Answer 30

relaxation

Question 31

What are the difference cardiac cycles

Answer 31

a. relaxation period b. atrail systole c. ventricular systole

Question 32

how long does a complete cardiac cycle take? how many beats per minute?

Answer 32

.8 secs. 75 beats per minute

Question 33

What is the first heart sound? what does it represent?

Answer 33

lub. the closing of the atrioventricular valves.

Question 34

what is the second heart sound.? what does it represent?

Answer 34

dubb. it represents the closing of the semilunar valves

Question 35

what is the cardiac cycle like

Answer 35

it is a mechanical event

Question 36

5 phases of heart cycle

Answer 36

1. Blood from the atria “tops off” the ventricles. 2. Iso = “same”; ventricles fill with the same volume of blood; AV valves close --- “Lubb” sound or S1. 3. …is like wringing out a wet rag. 4. “dubb?” or S2 ---closing of SL valves 5. AV valves open

Question 37

isovolumic

Answer 37

volume stays the same. all valves are closed at this time to cause a sharp increase in pressure

Question 38

What does cardiac output depend on?

Answer 38

blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta each minute. CO= stroke volume x beats per minue

Question 39

stroke volume

Answer 39

amount of blood jected by a ventricle during ventricle systole

Question 40

fight or flight (sympathetic responses)

Answer 40

these increase heart rate

Question 41

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Answer 41

these decrease heart rate

Question 42

what does cornonary artery disease do?

Answer 42

accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. reduction of blood flow to myocardium.

Question 43

LDL

Answer 43

low density lipoprotiens "bad cholestrol"

Question 44

myocardial ishemia

Answer 44

reduction of blood flow to myocardium

Question 45

mycardial infarction

Answer 45

complete obstroction of blood flow. we have tissue death because there is missing air

Question 46

nitroglycerin

Answer 46

corrects the imbalance between the flow of oxygen and blood to the heart. The princle actio of nitroglycerin is vasolation- widening of blood vessels. They dialate VIENS mroe than ARTeries. can still lower pressure though.