a & P slides 25-50 Flashcards
1
Q
during active expiration do you use your accessory muscles?
A
yes
2
Q
how does active expiration further reduce the size of the thoracic cavity?
A
by pressing the abdomen and forcing more air out of the lungs beyond the passive expiration level.
3
Q
How many cycles will an adult complete per minute of quiet tidal breathing?
A
12-18 cycles per minute.
4
Q
how is one cycle of quiet tidal breathing defined?
A
one cycle of inspiration and expiration
5
Q
What is the type of breathing that is considered to be respiration for life?
A
Quiet tidal breathing.
6
Q
Dr, C said that we really should only do how many cycles of quiet tidal breathing during class but we do 12-18/ min?
A
6 cycles per minute (takes about 10 seconds to complete one cycle of exp and insp.
7
Q
What are the 4 types of respiration?
A
Quiet inspiration
forced inspiration
passive expiration
active expiration
8
Q
What type of inspiration utilizes the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles but not the accessory muscles?
A
Quiet inspiration
9
Q
During forced inspiration what muscles are used?
A
diaphragm, external intercostals and many of the accessory muscles.
10
Q
Give an example of when you would use forced inspiration?
A
when you are speaking
11
Q
What type of expiration only uses the forces (gravity, torque and elasticity)?
A
passive expiration
12
Q
why is passive expiration a passive process?
A
No muscles are used it is just the 3 forces (torque, gravity and elasticity)
13
Q
T or F. During active expiration you use muscular effort to push beyond the resting position.
A
True.
14
Q
What does FVC stand for?
A
Forced vital capacity. (all the air you can take in during 1 breath)
15
Q
What does FEV1 stand for?
A
Forced expiratory volume in the 1st second.
16
Q
What are the two methods used to measure/assess respiration?
A
the spirometer
and the manometer
17
Q
Spirometer measures what?
A
it measures respiratory flow, volumes and lung capacity (FVC, FEV1)
18
Q
What is spirometry measured in?
A
Liters or mL
19
Q
What percent should the ratio between FVC and FEV1 be?
A
75%
20
Q
What instrument measures air pressure?
A
manometer
21
Q
what Is MIP?
A
Maximum inspiratory pressure
22
Q
What is MEP?
A
Maximum expiratory pressure.
23
Q
What two things does manometry measure?
A
MIP and MEP
24
Q
What do you measure MIP and MEP in?
A
Centimeters of water
25
What applies a number to the amount of air in each compartment of the respiratory system (ie. alveoli)?
Is it:
a. volumes
b. capacities
a. volume (measured in ML or L)
26
What are more functional untis of measurement that represent a combination of volumes?
a. volumes
b. capacities
b. capacities (measured in ML or Liters)
27
What are the four types of volumes for respiration?
Tidal volume (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)
28
What type of volume measures the volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration?
Tidal volume (TV)
29
What does Inspiratory Reserve Volume measure?
The volume of air that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration (ex. yawn)
30
What does Expiratory Reserve volume measure?
the volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration. (FEV1)
31
What volume measures the amount remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume (RV)
32
What are the 2 lung capacities that you want to examine/assess for respiration?
```
Vital capacity (VC)/ (FVC)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
```
33
Vital capacity/ Forced vital capacity measures what?
The volume of air that can be inhaled following maximal inspiration.
34
What capacity represents the capacity available for speech?
vital capacity
35
IRV + ERV + TV =
VC
36
What is the capacity that is = to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume?
Total lung capacity
| TLC=IRV+ERV+RV
37
T or F. You must have enough air (volume/capacities) in order to get words out.
True
38
The respiratory system operates at two levels of pressure simultaneously. What are these two levels?
first: the constant supply of subglottal pressure required to drive the vocal folds.
2nd: the minimum power source to make the vocal folds move
39
what is the minimum power needed to make the vocal folds move?
3cm-5cm of H20
40
T or F. 3-4cm H20 will barely be heard.
True
41
What cm/h20 is required for conversational speech?
| What dB?
It requires 7cm h20 or 65 db
42
what type of speech needs at least 12 cm H20 or 85 db?
louder speech
43
what is air pressure?
air pressure is the force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules of air.
44
T or F. Pressure is force exerted on Area.
True (P=F/A)
45
What are the pressures of the respiratory system (4)?
```
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Intraoral pressure (in the oral cavity) (Pm)
Subglottal pressure (bellow the vocal folds) (Ps)
Alveolar or lung pressure within the thoracic cavity (Pal)
```
46
What cavity does intraoral pressure measure?
The pressure in the oral cavity.
47
What type of pressure measure the pressure below the vocal folds?
Subglottal pressure
48
Alveolar or lung pressure measures pressure in what?
Measures pressure within the thoracic cavity.
49
What respiratory subsystem is responsible for voicing, or being the sound source?
the phonatory system
50
what is the structure needed for the phonation system?
larynx (v.folds)
51
What structures are the framework for the larynx (7)
```
hyoid bone
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
corniculate cartilages
arytenoid cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
cricoid cartilage
```
52
what is the only floating bone in the body besides the patella?
hyoid bone
53
What is the name for the leaf-like cartilage that acts as a protective structure when it inverts to cover the laryngeal opening during swallowing?
epiglottis
54
What cartilage is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
55
What cartilages form the posterior point of attachment for the vocal folds?
arytenoids- they ride on the high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartilage
56
what cartilages ride on the high-backed surface of the cricoid cartilage.
arytenoids
57
What is the name of the cartilages that sit at the apex of the arytenoids and are horned-shaped?
Corniculate cartilages
58
What cartilages are paired wedge-shaped rods embedded within the arytenoids?
cuneiform cartilages
59
What cartilage completes the ring sitting on top of the trachea (it is shaped like a signet ring)?
Cricoid catilage
60
What type of bone is the hyoid bone made of?
osseous
61
What bone of the larynx is u-shaped
hyoid
62
What bone of the larynx supports the tongute?
hyoid bone
63
How many muscles does the hyoid bone serve as an attachment point for?
9
64
What are three elements of the hyoid bone?
- corpus/body of the hyoid bone is shiel like structure that forms the front of the bone
- lesser horn
- greater horn
65
What part of the hyoid bone serves as the point of attachment for 6 muscles?
a. corpus/body
b. lesser horn
c. greater horn
a. corpus/body
66
What are the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilages?
vocal process
| muscular process
67
What process of the arytenoid projects anteriorly toward the thyroid notch were the vocal folds attach?
vocal process
68
What process of the arytenoid serves as the point of attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct the vocal folds?
muscular process
69
the 2 processes of the arytenoid cartilage provide attachments for what 2 muscles?
thyromuscularis and the thyrovocalis
70
the conus elasticus connects what three cartilages in the larynx?
the thyroid, arytenoids and cricoid
71
T or F. Intrinsic ligaments connect the cartilages of the larynx and form the support structure for the cavity of the larynx as well as the vocal folds.
True
72
Are the quadrangular membrane(s) paired or not?
they are paired.
73
What paired membrane are the upper portion of the elastic membrane lining the larynx?
Quadrangular membrane
74
What connects the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages
conus elasticus.
75
the ___________ _____________ form the entrance to the larynx?
aryepiglottic folds
76
what connects the arytenoids and the epiglottis?
aryepiglottic folds
77
How many layers make up the vocal folds?
5
78
What gives the vocal folds their white appearance?
squamous epithelium
79
what layer is compromised of three different tissues?
lamina propria
80
The inner most layer of the vocal folds or 5th layer under the lamina propria is?
the thyrovocalis muscle
81
what are the 5 layers of the v. folds?
```
epithelium
lamina propria
-superficial layer
-intermediate layer
-deep layer
throarytenoid muscle: mad up of the thryovocalis muscle and the thyromuscularis muscle.
```
82
What two muscles make up the inner most layer of the vocal folds? (thyroarytenoid muscle)
Thyrovocalis and thyromusularis
83
what 3 layers make up the lamina propria?
superficial layer
intermediate layer
deep layer
84
Ventricular folds are also known or called what?
false vocal folds
85
what folds are not used in normal phonation?
false vocal folds (ventricular folds) (thick folds of mucous membranes that are above the true vocal folds)
86
Does Dr. C recommend that dr's remove the epithelium layer to remove nodules?
NO!!!
87
False vocal folds are only used when the person is increasing the effort to talk like in a case of nodules or sick.
True.
88
What nerve innervates the larynx (motor)?
vagus (X)
89
The glossopharyngeal, and internal and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus innervate the larynx with sensory or motor connections?
sensory
90
RLN (X) innervates the larynx?
bellow the false v. folds
91
the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus innervates the larynx above the?
false vocal folds
92
what 3 branches does the vagus break into?
pharyngeal branch
superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal
93
what are the 3 functions of the larynx?
respiration
protection
phonation
94
what are two ways that the glottis provides protection to the larynx?
with cough reflex: gets foreign material out of glottis area
| during swallowing: close glottis during swallowing protects the respiratory system
95
Describe the Bernoulli effect
at a constant volume flow of air at a point of constriction it decreases the pressure which increases the velocity of flow
(explains vfold vibration) (not a muscular event)
96
know the 10 stages of vibratory cycles
too long to write :)
97
What muscle adducts the arytenoid cartilages to close the glottis?
the LCA
98
what muscle pulls the arytenoid cartilages forward (loosening the vocal folds)
The TA's
99
what muscle rotates the arytenoids laterally or abduct the vocal folds causing the vocal folds to open (opening the glottis)?
PCA
100
What muscle stretches the vocal chord and is responsible for pitch?
The CT
101
What are the forces/properties of phonation?
Ps
Tissue elasticity (Vfs): myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
constriction of airflow (Bernoulli effect)
laryngeal muscles
102
do men women or children have the highest frequency?
children
103
what is the average frequency of vf vibration for men?
100-150-dr c. said
| 110hz on ppt
104
what is the avg frequency of vf vibration for women?
180-220 hz
105
what is the avg vfold frequency for children?
300-400 Hz
106
in a piano going up one octave does what to the frequency?
doubles the frequecy
107
explain why mens v.folds vibrate slower? (have a lower frequency)
they have more mass
108
loudness =intensity/amplitude and is measured in dB what 2 things would you use to assess or measure these things?
sound pressure level (SPL) meter
| LSVT companion software
109
Resonation acts as a...
filter (it filters sound through the vocal tract)
