a&p slide 1-25

Question 1

What are the three vocie subsytems?

Answer 1

Respiration (power source), Phonation (sound source), Resonation (filter).

Question 2

What is the voice organ of the respiration subsystem?

Answer 2

Lungs (diaphragm, chest muscles, ribs, and abdominal muscles)

Question 3

What is the organ for the phonatory system?

Answer 3

larynx (vocal folds)

Question 4

What does the phonation system provide?

Answer 4

sound source

Question 5

What is the respiratory subsytem role in sound production?

Answer 5

It provides and regulates air pressure to cause vocal folds to vibrate.

Question 6

The resonation subsytem acts as a?

Answer 6

filter

Question 7

What is the role of the resonation subsytem in sound production?

Answer 7

It changes the “buzzing sound” into a person’s recongnizeable voice.

Question 8

What is the phanatory subsystems role in sound production?

Answer 8

vocal folds vibrate, changing air pressure to sound waves producing “voiced sound”, frequently described as a “buzzing sound”

varies pitch of sound.

Question 9

What are the 3 things that happen to the respiratory system during inspiration?

Answer 9

During inspirationm, active muscle contraction occurs:

1. Lungs inflate
2. rib cage moves in a series of movements
3. diaphragm pulls down (contracts)

Question 10

what happens with the pressure of the lungs?

Answer 10

Space in the thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases creating negative pressure.
At this point, atmospheric pressure is greater so this positive pressure moves toward the negative pressure and follows the path of least resistance.

Question 11

During inspiration is the atmospheric pressure more positive than the lung pressure or more negative?

Answer 11

more positive (greater)

Question 12

During the inhalation phase of breathing, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity increases in three planes what are those 3 planes?

Answer 12

Vertical dimension, transverse (side-to-side) and anterior-posterior dimension.

Question 13

What causes the thoracic cavity to increase in the vertical dimension during inhalation?

Answer 13

it is increased by the contraction of the dome-shaped diaphragm.

Question 14

What causes the thoracic cavity to increase in the transverse dimension?

Answer 14

increased by the simultaneous forward and upward movement of the sternum.

Question 15

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

Answer 15

It is an active process stimulated by muscle contraction.

Question 16

In order for inspiration to occur what must be expanded?

Answer 16

the lungs

Question 17

what is the first step in increasing the lung volume? (what must be contracted)

Answer 17

it involves the contraction of principal inspiratiory muscles (diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles)

Question 18

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

Answer 18

Deep abdominal breathing

Question 19

What is clavicular breathing?

Answer 19

shallow breathing from excessive use of accessory muscles

Question 20

during quiet breathing you normally use what muscle?

Answer 20

diaphragm

Question 21

In forced respiration you begin to use what muscles? the diaphragm andd…..

Answer 21

accessory muscles

Question 22

During forced inspiration, accessory muscles of inspiration are also involved in increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. T OR F?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The contraction of what muscle elevate the sternum?

Answer 23

sternocleidomastoid

Question 24

The contraction of what elevates the superior ribs?

Answer 24

Scalenes

Question 25

What does the scalenes elevate?

Answer 25

superior ribs

Question 26

What does the sternocleidomastoid elevate?

Answer 26

sternum

Question 27

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

Answer 27

Diaphragm

Question 28

what muscle of inspiration serves as a seperation between the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 28

Diaphragm

Question 29

What muscle is one of the most important muscles besides the heart?

Answer 29

Diaphragm

Question 30

What is the diaphragm shaped like?

Answer 30

an inverted bowl

Question 31

Where does the diaphragm attach?

Answer 31

lower margin of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column.

Question 32

T or F the force of contraction of the diaphragm directs it downward toward the abdominal viscera?

Answer 32

True: this increases the dimensions of the thoracic cavity in the vertical dimension.

Question 33

Why is the diaphragm made up of striated skeletal muscle?

Answer 33

because it moves skeletal structures.

Question 34

What type of skeletal muscle is the diaphragm made of?

Answer 34

striated

Question 35

What muscle attaches to the inferior border of the rib cage, the xiphoid process and to the posterior aspect of the vertebral column?

Answer 35

The diaphragm.

Question 36

What is the middle portion of the diaphragm made up of?

Answer 36

a large leafy aponeurosis called the central tendon

Question 37

What is a aponeurosis?

Answer 37

is a sheetlike tendon | connective tissue which functions to attach muscle to bone

Question 38

What is the large leafy aponeurosis called that makes up the middle portion of the diaphragm?

Answer 38

The central tendon.

Question 39

Muscle fibers of the diaphragm radiate out from the central tendon and from what 3 attachments?

Answer 39

1. the sternal, (sternum) 2. Costal (rib) 3. Vertebral (spinal) attachments

Question 40

What are the 2 functions of the diaphragm?

Answer 40

``` muscle contracts (flattens) Muscle fibers shorten ```

Question 41

What nerve is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 41

Phrenic

Question 42

Can the diaphragm be placed under voluntary control?

Answer 42

Yes | ex: when you hold your breath

Question 43

Is the diaphragm primarily under involuntary or voluntary control?

Answer 43

involuntary. (you have no choice but to breath) | life sustaining purposes

Question 44

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? Hint: There are a lot and they are broken down into groups (anterior, posterior, muscles of the neck and muscles of the thorax)

Answer 44

Anterior: external intercostals, internal intercostal (interchondral portion) Posterior: levatores costarum (brevis and longis) serratus posterior superior Muscles of the neck: SCM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, trapezius Muscles of the thorax, back and upper limb: pectoralis major/minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, levator scapulae, rhomboideous major/minor

Question 45

What are the muscles of expiration? Hint: Broken down into thoracic muscles and abdominal muscles

Answer 45

``` Thoracic muscles: internal intercostal (interosseous portion) transversus thoracis subcostal serratus posterior inferior innermost intercostal latissimus dorsi ``` ``` Abdominal muscles: transverse abdominus internal obliques abdominus external oblique abdominus rectus abdominus quadratus lumborum ```

Question 46

the anterior thoracic muscles are responsible for what during expiration?

Answer 46

devreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 47

What is the internal intercostal (bony portion) responsible for during expiration? Hint: anterior muscle of the thorax)

Answer 47

support, protect and space the ribs

Question 48

What is the transversus thoracic abdominal muscle responsible for during expiration? Hint: anterior muscle of the thorax

Answer 48

depressing the rib cage

Question 49

What are the posterior muscles of the thorax responsible for during expiration?

Answer 49

decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 50

What is the subcostal (posterior muscle of the thorax) responsible for during expiration?

Answer 50

depresses the thorax

Question 51

What is the serratus posterior inferior responsible for during expiration? (HINT: posterior muscle of the thorax)

Answer 51

depresses the lower ribs

Question 52

What is the innermost intercostal responsible for during expiration? (Hint: posterior muscle of the thorax)

Answer 52

it depresses the rib cage.

Question 53

What is the latissimus dorsi responsible for during expiration? (Hint: posterior muscle of the thorax)

Answer 53

it stabilizes the chest

Question 54

abdominal muscles:

Answer 54

They are like a cumberbund that wraps the abdomen neatly in the front, side and back - Function by compression of the abdominal viscera which aids in respiration and lifting - layers of the abdomen provide excellent support for the rib cage during lifting and other gestures - these gestures fix the thorax by inflating the lungs and closing off the vocal folds (vocal folds are adducted tightly during abdominal compression) - the abdominal musces help to compress the viscera while stabilizing the thorax at the same time - there is a large area of space to cover anteriorly so a tendinous structure called the abdominal aponeurosis provides a place of attachement for muscles to attach to the rib cage, vertebral column and pelvic girdle - The "Linea Alba" (white line) runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, which forms the midline structure for muscular attachment - layers of connective tissue serve as attachments for muscles of the abdomen

Question 55

What is the name of the white lie that runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphasis which forms the midlind structure for muscular attachment?

Answer 55

"linea alba"

Question 56

Layers of what kind of tissue serve as attachments for the muscles of the abdomen?

Answer 56

connective

Question 57

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

Answer 57

compression of the abdominal viscera which aids in respiration and lifting

Question 58

What is the abdominal aponeurosis?

Answer 58

its a tendinous structure that provides a place of attachment for the muscles to attach to the rib cage, vertebral column and pelvic girdle

Question 59

What muscle is the deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles and also that contractions that reduces the abdominal volume?

Answer 59

transverse abdominis

Question 60

the internal oblique abdominis muscles are located between what 2 abdominal muscles?

Answer 60

external oblique abdominis and the transversus abdominis

Question 61

What 2 ways does the internal oblique abdominis contract?

Answer 61

Unilaterally and bilaterally Unilaterally to rotate the trunk bilaterally creates flexion of the trunk and compresses the abdomen

Question 62

What muscle is the most superficial of the abdominal muscles and is the largest?

Answer 62

External oblique abdominis

Question 63

what 2 ways does the external oblique abdominis contract?

Answer 63

Bilaterally and unilaterally: Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column unilateral: bends the vertebral column laterally and rotates it

Question 64

Rectus abdominis

Answer 64

prominent abdominal muscles of the midline region -"rectangular" muscles appear in a series of 4 or 5 segements connected and seperated by tendinous intersections (each segment capable of independent contraction) use of this muscle is essential for sit-ups contraction compresses the abdominal contents and flexes the vertebral column.

Question 65

Quadratus Lumborum is located in?

Answer 65

the dorsal section of the abdominal wall

Question 66

What is the function fo the quadratus lumborum (both bilateral and unilateral contraction?

Answer 66

unilaterally- bends the body laterally "hikes" hip | bilateral: fixes the abdominal wall to support abdominal compression

Question 67

Is normal expiration a passive or active process?

Answer 67

Normal expiration is a passive process bc no muscular contractions are involved.

Question 68

Expiration eliminates?

Answer 68

waste products of respiration (ex: CO2)

Question 69

Does forced expiration involve muscle contractions?

Answer 69

Yes it is active

Question 70

When does expiration begin?

Answer 70

when the inspiratory muscles relax as the intercostals relax the ribs move downward as expiration begins the diaphragm relaxes these movements decrease the verical and anterior-posterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity

Question 71

what happens during expiration?

Answer 71

The intercostals relax and ribs move downward | the diaphragm relazes and decreases the thoracic cavity in the vertical, and anterior-posterior dimensions.

Question 72

what are the 3 forces during passive expiration?

Answer 72

1. torque 2. elasticity 3. gravity

Question 73

what is torque?

Answer 73

refers to the twisting of a shaft or a rib while not permitting one end to move.

Question 74

what is elasticity referring to?

Answer 74

to the chondral portion of the rib cage

Question 75

what does gravity do during expiration? What happens when you are standing up?

Answer 75

allows the restoration of the rib cage to drop down to its resting state (when standing or sitting upright gravity acts to pull the ribs down after expanding through the forces of the accessory muscles of inspiration) (gravity works in favor of maximizing overall capacity bc it pulls the abdominal visceral down leaving more room for the lungs)