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A&P1 > A&P Test 4 - Brain > Flashcards

A&P Test 4 - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Into hemispheres

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2
Q

What does each cerebral hemisphere contain?

A

One large lateral ventricle

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3
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

In the diencephalon.

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4
Q

What does the 3rd ventricle communicate with?

A

The lateral ventricles (in the cerebrum).

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5
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

In the medulla oblongata.

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6
Q

What does the 4th ventricle become?

A

It becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What connects with the 4th ventricle? How does it connect?

A

The 3rd ventricle, via a narrow canal called the aqueduct of midbrain.

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8
Q

How does the 4th ventricle connect?

A

With aqueduct of midbrain

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9
Q

Name 3 physical protections of the brain

A

bones of cranium, cranial meninges, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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10
Q

Name 1 biochemical isolation of the brain

A

blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

Name the 3 layers of the cranial meninges:

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. These are continuous with the spinal meninges

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12
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

Cushions neural structures
Supports brain
Transports nutrients & waste products

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13
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

It is specialized ependymal cells & capillaries that secrete CSF into ventricles, remove waste from CSF and adjust composition of CSF

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14
Q

Extensions in subarachoid space are …

A

Arachnoid villi

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15
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

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16
Q

How is blood removed from dural sinuses?

A

Internal jugular veins

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17
Q

Give an example of cerebrovascular disease

A

Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which shuts off blood to portion of brain & neurons die

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18
Q

What kind of materials pass through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Lipophyllic materials

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19
Q

Name the important functions of the cerebrum

A 
Controls all conscious thoughts & intellectual functions
Processes somatic (voluntary) sensory and motor information
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20
Q

Name 3 functional principles of the cerebrum

A

Each hemisphere gets sensory info from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body
The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structure look alike
Correspondence between a specific function & a specific region of the cortex is not precise

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21
Q

Where is gray matter in the cerebrum?

A

In cerebral cortex & basal nuclei

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22
Q

Where is white matter in the cerebrum?

A

Deep to basal cortex & around basal nuclei

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23
Q

What forms the lobes?

A

Sulci

24
Q

What forms the hemispheres?

A

Fissures

25
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

26
Q

What divides the frontal lobe form the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

27
Q

What divides the parietal lobes from the occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

28
Q

Explain the function of each lobe of the cerebrum

A

Frontal: Primary motor cortex. Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Parietal: primary sensory cortex. Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temp, taste
Occipital: visual cortex. Perception of visual stimuli
All lobe association areas, integration & processing of sensory data

29
Q

What does the left hemisphere control:

A

Reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language

30
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel ) and recognition (faces, voice inflection)

31
Q

How is brain activity assessed?

A

With an EEG – electroencephalogram

32
Q

What are the 4 types of brain waves & what they mean?

A

Alpha: awake adults with eyes closed
Beta: adults concentrating or mentally stressed
Theta: children, intensely frustrated adults & in adults with mental disorders
Delta: sleep waves; also in adults with brain damage

33
Q

A temporary cerebral disorder is a…

It cane measured with …

A

seizure…. EEG (eleectroencephalogram)

34
Q

What are the 4 classifications of cranial nerves?

A

Sensory (touch, pressure, temp, pain), special sensory (sight, smell, hearing, balance), motor, mixed

35
Q

Give an example of each of the 4 classifications of cranial nerves:

A

Sensory: trigeminal (V), mixed sensory and motor
Special sensory: I and II (olfactory and optic)
Motor: Trochlear & abducens (IV and VI) – ee movements
Mixed: Glossopharyngeal (IX) – sensory and motor

36
Q

Name 3 functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes
  2. Allows brain & spinal cord to communicate
  3. Controls visceral functions
37
Q

What are the 3 groups of the nuclei in the medulla?

A

Sensory & motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Relay stations along sensory & motor pathways
Autonomic nuclei

38
Q

What do autonomic nuclei of the medulla have?

A

Reflex centers that control peripheral systems like cardiovascular and respiratory rhythm center

39
Q

Sensory and motor nuclei of the medulla are associated with…

A

cranial nerves #8 - #12

40
Q

What are the relay stations of the medulla?

A
  1. Nucleus gracilis & cuneatus (pass somatic sensory info to thalamus)
  2. solitary nucleus: receives visceral sensory info
  3. olivary (olives): relay info about somatic motor commands
41
Q

What does the pons link?

A

The pons links the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord.

42
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

A

Cranial nerves #5-8 (sensory & motor nuclei)

43
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cerebellum?

A

Adjusts postural muscles

Fine-tunes conscious & subconscious movements

44
Q

What is a disorder of the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia (from damage by trauma or stroke or temporary impairment from intoxication). It disturbs muscle coordination

45
Q

What is the function of grey matter in the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar cortex & nuclei: Involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements

46
Q

What is the function of white matter in the cerebellum?

A

Arbor vitae connects cerebellar cortex with p cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the medulla and spinal cord, (and everything else),

47
Q

What is the main function of the diencephalon?

A

Integrates sensory info and motor commands

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus

49
Q

Where is the pineal gland? What is its function?

A

In the epithalamus. It secretes melatonin (a sleep hormone)

50
Q

Which ventricle does the thalamus contain? what does it do?

A

The 3rd ventricle. It separates the left and right thalamus

51
Q

What re the 5 groups of thalamic nuclei?

A

Anterior, medial, ventral, posterior and lateral

52
Q

Which of the thalamic nuclei groups govern emotion?

A

anterior, medial and lateral

53
Q

What does the ventral and posterior group of thalamic nuclei govern?

A

Sensory info

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hypothalamus?

A

Mamillary bodies, infundibulum and tuberal area

55
Q

What are the 8 functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Controls autonomic function
  2. Provides subconsciouss control of skeltal muscle
  3. Coordinate activies of nervous & endocrine systems
  4. Secretes hormones – ADH (antidiruetic hormone) for kidneys and Oxytocin (hormone secreted during labor). These are produced in the hypothalamus.
  5. Produces emotional and behavioral drives
  6. Coordinates voluntary & autonomic functions
  7. Regulates body temp
  8. Controls circadian rhythms (day-night cycles)
56
Q

Name the cranial nerves and their function

A

I. Olfactory nerve – smell

  1. Optic nerve – sight
  2. Oculomotor nerve – eye movement
  3. Trochlear nerve – eye movement (up/down)
  4. Trigeminal nerve –Mixed motor & sensory to face– optic, maxillary and mandibular
  5. Abducens - eye movement side-to-side
  6. Facial nerves – Mixed – sensory & motor
  7. Vestibulocochlear – balance, hearing, equilibrium
  8. Glossopharyngeal – Mixed sensory and motor – poterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid arteries, pharynx
  9. Vagas – mixed (sensory & motor) – thoracic & diaphragm
  10. Accessory – motor to muscles of neck and upper back
  11. Hypoglossal – motor (tongue movements)

A&P1 (9 decks)

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