A&P Unit 1 (Human Body) Test Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
definition “Anatomy”
A
structure / form
2
Q
definition “Physiology”
A
function / how something works
3
Q
body plane: “Sagittal”
A
divides body into right left portions
4
Q
body plane: “Coronal”
A
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
5
Q
body plane: “Mid-sagittal”
A
divides body into equal right and left portions
6
Q
superior/cephalic
A
one part being above the other / towards the head
7
Q
inferior/caudal
A
a part being located below another part / towards the feet
8
Q
anterior/ventral
A
a part being towards the front / towards the belly
9
Q
posterior/dorsal
A
part being behind another / towards the back
10
Q
medial
A
closer to the midline than another structure
11
Q
lateral
A
farther from midline than another structure
12
Q
bilateral
A
paired structures on both sides
13
Q
ipsilateral
A
located on same side of midline of body
14
Q
contralateral
A
located on opposite side of midline
15
Q
proximal
A
located closer to trunk / point of origin
16
Q
distal
A
located further from trunk / point of origin
17
Q
superficial
A
located towards surface of body
18
Q
peripheral
A
located away from body or another structure
19
Q
Body Planes are…
A
imaginary plates that divide the body into portions
20
Q
Membrane that lines organ is visceral or parietal?
A
organ = visceral
21
Q
Membrane that lines box of serous cavity parietal or visceral?
A
cavity = parietal membrane
22
Q
apendicular region of the body consists of and is responsible for?
A
upper and lower limbs / manipulation of environment & movement / no vital organs
23
Q
axial region consists of
A
head / trunk / responsible for
24
Q
The pelvis is
A
bowl-shaped pelvis protects and supports internal organs
25
2 gross body cavities are?
Dorsal body cavity (central nervous, trunk, head) / ventral body cavity (anterior aspect of trunk, organs (viscera)
26
thoracic cavity consists of
superior / anterior portion of trunk
27
Mediastinum of thoraic
separates pleural cavities of thoracic cavity into halves
28
Abdomino pelvic cavity
occupies inferior anterior portion of trunk
| lined with peritoneum membrane
29
cranial cavity houses?
brains subdivision of dorsal body cavity
30
spinal (vertebral) cavity
houses the spine, subdivision of dorsal body cavity
31
4 types of tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscle
32
define tissue
group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function
33
The cell is....
the most basic and functional structural unit of a living organism
34
3 common structures of cell
cell membrane, cytosol (cytoplasm), nucleus
35
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer, allows lipid soluble substances to pass while preventing entrance of water, outer layer
36
cytoplasm
inside membrane, outside nutrients, contains organelles
37
ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
38
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell, aerobic respiration, generates atp
39
Cillia / flagella are for...
absorption / locomotion
40
Nucleus
- control center of cell
| - contains genetic material of both parents
41
nuclear envelope
separates nucleus from the cytoplasm
42
chromatin / chromosomes
long coil of DNA
43
Nucleic Acid: DNA
- hold instructions
- double stranded
"forms the inherited genetic material inside each cell"
44
Nucleic Acid: RNA
- carries out the instructions coded in DNA strands
| - 3 types
45
Function of "messenger" RNA
directs specific sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis
46
Function of "transfer" RNA
"shopper" binds to / carries
47
Metabolism is...
the sum if all chemical reactions occurring in within the body
48
Passive cellular movement
No ATP, needs gradient (difference)
49
simple diffusion
high concentration to low concentration
50
facilitated diffusion
carrier molecules needed (walking ldy across street)
51
osmosis
the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
52
isotonic solution
same osmotic pressure of body fluids
53
hypertonic solution
greater osmotic pressure than body fluids
54
hypotonic solution
lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
55
filtration is...
dissolved solubles move from areas of high to low pressure
56
Active Transport
Moves against gradient, requires energy
57
endocytosis is used to...
- transport large substances into the cell in a smell vesicle
- Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Recepto-mediated endcytosis
58
Phagocytosis
non-specific cell eating (membrane extends and envelopes)
59
Pinocytosis (pinot noir)
non specific cell drinking (membrane folds invaginating substance)
60
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
specific cell eating
61
Exocytosis
uses vesicles to expel substances
62
Transcytosis
combination of endo/exocytosis, rapidly move substance from one side to the other
63
Glycolysis
- fast
- occurs in cytoplasm
- minimum ATP yield (anaerobic)
64
Aerobic Respiration
- slow
- occurs in mitochondria
- yields 32-34 ATP (aerobic)
65
Mitosis
- occurs in all body cells
- creates exact copy
- most common
66
Meiosis 8--D >->0
- occurs in sex cells
| - ensures variation
67
Cellular Attachments - Tight Junctions
forms fluid tight seal
68
Cellular Attachments - Desmosomes
"spot welds" provide anchoring reinforcement for tissues
69
Cellular Attachments - Gap Junctions
- work like a tube
| - responsible for intercellular communication
70
Muscle tissue is responsible for...
- heat (thermogenesis)
| - movement / maintenance
71
Epithelial Tissue
- Avascular (not well supplied with blood=nutrients via diffusion)
- high mitotic activity
- free surface / buried surface
-
72
Simple Epithelial
single layer of cells, basement membrane, absorption/diffusion/filtration
73
Psuedostratified Epithelial
- 1 layer of mixed elongated cells
- varying positon / heights of nuclei
- only found in respiratory tract
74
cell shapes
squamous (rapid movement of substances)
cuboidal (secretion, some absorption)
columnar (protection)
75
stratified squamous
- any cell layers
76
simple columnar
- ciliated / non-ciliated
| - keratinized (contains protein) / non-keratinized
77
Transitional Epithelium
lines the bladder / ureter
78
Glandular Epithelium
produce/secrete biochemicals into ducts
79
meocrine gland
- secretes via exocytosis
| - sweat, water, saliva
80
appocrine gland
- secretes via portion of cell breaking off
| - mammary glands (thick substances)
81
holocrine (holocaust) gland
- entire cell breaks off
| - fatty acids / proteins
82
Connective Tissue
- most abundant in body
- fills space binds structures
- well vascularized
83
fibroblasts
- most common fixed type
| - spindle shaped, many processes
84
macrophage
- phagocytic cell (eats bad shit)
| - from white blood cells
85
plasma cell
- fixed cell that produces anti-bodies
86
mast cells
responsible for inflammatory response
87
collagenous fibers of cell matrix
- white color
| - very tough
88
elastic fibers of cell matrix
- yellow
| - provides elasticity
89
2 categories of connective tissue
Poper: dense/loose tissue
Specialized: cartilage, bone, blood
90
areolar connective tissue
- fills space/binds organs
91
dense regular connective tissue
- fibers run in 1 direction = strength in 1 direction
- not stretchy
- silvery white color
92
dense irregular connective tissue
- fibers run multiple directions = strength in multiple directions
93
hyaline cartilage
- most abundant
- looks like bluish/white grass
- walls of respiratory passage/ribcage
94
fibrocartilage
shock absorber (ears)
95
Bone / Blood
- only solid connective tissue
| - only liquid connective tissue
96
Organs are defined as...
complex body structure composed of two or more different tissue types, grouped together to perform specific function
