A&P Unit 2 (Integumentary System)

Question 1

Functions of skin…(6)

Answer 1

• absorption
• excretion
• monitoring
• prevention
• protection
• regulation

Question 2

Epidermis (5)

Answer 2

• thinner/outermost layer, rapidly replaced every 2-4 weeks
• stratified squamous epithelial
• lacks blood vessels
• waterproof from keratinization
• 4 to 5 layers

Question 3

Layers of the epidermis (5)

Answer 3

outer to inner

• stratum corneum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum spinosum
• stratum basale

Question 4

stratum corneum (2)

Answer 4

• keratinized (waterproof)

- outermost layer

Question 5

stratum lucidum

Answer 5

-only present palms/soles feet

Question 6

stratum basale (3)

Answer 6

• metabolically active (nourished by dermis)
• capable of continued cell division/growth
• contains melanocytes

Question 7

melanocytes (2)

Answer 7

• responsible for skin pigmentation/color

- produce melanin

Question 8

disease: albinism (3)

Answer 8

• absence of pigmentation of skin, hair, eyes
• mutated melanin genes
• melanocytes present but unable to synthesize. tyrosinase

Question 9

disease vitiligo (2)

Answer 9

• autoimmune disease

- antibodies destroy melanocytes leaving white spots

Question 10

keratinization (2)

Answer 10

• keratinocytes pushed to surface, away from blood supply die
• takes 2-4 weeks

Question 11

callus/corn

Answer 11

• constant friction
• abnormal cell grow
• thickening of skin

Question 12

jaundice

Answer 12

• yellowish tone of skin
• accumulation of bilirubin in bood
• indicates liver disease

Question 13

cyanosis

Answer 13

• blood appears deep purplish blue

- inadequate oxygenation of blood

Question 14

how does epithelial tissue protect from ultraviolet light?

Answer 14

-langerhan’s cells interact with T-helper cells in activating antibody mediated immune response

Question 15

Dermis functions… (8)

Answer 15

• nourishes overlying tissue
• provides strength, extensibility, elasticity
• regulation of body temperature
• protection
• monitoring of external environment
• excretions
• absorptions
• blood reservoir

Question 16

papillary layer of dermis (3)

Answer 16

• superficial most layer
• 1/5 of total thickness
• loose areolar connective tissue

Question 17

reticular layer of the dermis (2)

Answer 17

• deeper portion

- 4/5 total thickness

Question 18

hairs (pili) (4)

Answer 18

• dead, pigmented, keratinized cells
• arrises from follicle
• 1 or more sebaceous glands
• smooth muscle (arrector pili)

Question 19

hair follicle (3)

Answer 19

• tube-like depression of epidermal tissue
• extends into dermis
• external/internal root sheaths

Question 20

root

Answer 20

-portion of hair embedded in follicle (buried)

Question 21

shaft

Answer 21

-portion of hair projecting from skin

Question 22

nails

Answer 22

-plates of tightly packed, clear, keratinized cells

Question 23

lunula (3)

Answer 23

• whitish, thick, semilunar area
• most active growing region
• thickened stratum basale

Question 24

sebacous/oil glands (4)

Answer 24

• associated with hair follicles
• absent soles/palms
• secretes sebum
• prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle

Question 25

sudoriferous / sweat gland: eccrine (2)

Answer 25

- most numerous type | - primary function is cooling body

Question 26

sudoriferous / sweat gland: appocrine (2)

Answer 26

- become active during puberty | - develop scent as bacteria metabolize product

Question 27

merkel cells (2)

Answer 27

- function in sensation/touch | - work in conjunction with tactile/meissner's corpuscles

Question 28

tactile/meissners corpuscles (2)

Answer 28

- function in fine touch | - work in conjunction with merkel cells

Question 29

lamellated/pacinian corpuscles (2)

Answer 29

- sensation of heavy pressure | - large, ellipsoidal structures composed of concentric sheaths

Question 30

What provides sensation of temperature?

Answer 30

Thermoreceptors: hot/cold

Question 31

What provides sensation of pain?

Answer 31

Nociceptors

Question 32

Hypodermis: structure (4)

Answer 32

- aka subcutaneous layer - not actually part of skin tissue (dermis) - loose areolar connective/adipose tissue - fibroblasts and adipocytes

Question 33

Hypodermis: function (3)

Answer 33

- binds skin to underlying organs/structures - impedes heat loss/prevents heat from entering - cushions and protects underlying organs/structures from injury

Question 34

Contusion (3)

Answer 34

- bruise - results from blunt trauma - deeper tissue damage may occur

Question 35

Hematoma

Answer 35

-collection of liquid or clotted blood in the subcutaneous layer

Question 36

1st degree burns (3)

Answer 36

- injury to superficial epidermis - mild, tenderness, erythema - no blister, functions remain intact

Question 37

2nd degree burns (2)

Answer 37

- destruction of the entire epidermis and portion of the dermis - erythema, blister formation

Question 38

3rd degree buns (2)

Answer 38

- full thickness | - destruction of the entire epidermis, dermis, epidermal derivatives

Question 39

Burn severity is determined by...

Answer 39

BSA methods: - Rules of Nines - Lund-Browder Method

Question 40

BSA: Rules of Nines

Answer 40

- fairly accurate - fast - only used on adults

Question 41

BSA: Lund-Browder Method

Answer 41

- slower - more accurate than Nines method - used for children

Question 42

electrical injury

Answer 42

-thermal burns from heat generated from current running through tissue

Question 43

pressure injury: decubitus ulcer/bedsore:

Answer 43

-pressure injury from deficiency of blood from prolonged friction on bony prominences

Question 44

basal cell carcinomas

Answer 44

-account for over %75 of all skin cancers

Question 45

cutaneous melanomas (3)

Answer 45

- malignant melanoma/melanocarcinoma - cancers arise from melanocytes - fast growing/rapid/easily metastisize