A&P Week 5-9

Question 1

tendon sheaths

Answer 1

tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons. Subject to a great deal of friction

Question 2

calcium homeostasis

Answer 2

Parathyroid gland that secretes PTH when calcium levels drops.
Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase bone resorption & calcium is released.
PTH also stimulates the production of calcitrol absorption in the intestines.

Question 3

medullary cavity

Answer 3

hollow space within the diaphysis. contains bone marrow

Question 4

epiphysis

Answer 4

each end of the bone at the joints

Question 5

sulcus

Answer 5

furrow on bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

Question 6

meatus

Answer 6

tube-like opening

Question 7

condyle

Answer 7

rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

Question 8

fibrous joints

Answer 8

Types- sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes.
Lack a synovial cavity
Articulating bones are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Question 9

functional classification of joints

Answer 9

Synarthroses- Allow no movement. EX- Suture, gomphosis
Amphiarthroses- Allow little movement. EX- pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks.
Diarthroses- freely movable. EX- hip, knee, shoulder, elbow.

Question 10

repair of bone

Answer 10

Reactive Phase- early inflammatory phase
Reparative Phase- includes formation of fibrocartilaginous callus first & a bony callus second
Bone Remodeling Phase- last step as the bony callus is remodeled.

Question 11

4 types of bone cells

Answer 11

Osteoprogenitor- bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
Osteoblasts- bone building cells that secrete matrix
Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoclasts- remodel bones & cause them to release calcium

Question 12

facet

Answer 12

smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface

Question 13

head

Answer 13

usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

Question 14

crest

Answer 14

prominate ridge or elongated process

Question 15

calcitonin

Answer 15

removes calcium from the blood stream when blood calcium is high & stores it in the bones

Question 16

endochondral ossification

Answer 16

Replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo & fetus.
Also occurs in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length.

Question 17

paranasal sinuses

Answer 17

Mucus membrane lines cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid & ethmoid bones
Used for resonating chambers to enhance voice
Increases surface area of nasal mucosa & help moisten it.

Question 18

fontanels

Answer 18

Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones present at birth.
They close up beginning at 6 months-2 years

Question 19

periosteum

Answer 19

connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

Question 20

spongy bone

Answer 20

lightweight and provides tissue support

Question 21

sutural bones/sutures

Answer 21

Small extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones/
Jointed areas where flat bones come together

Question 22

synovial joints

Answer 22

Have a synovial cavity

Have a large range of movement

Question 23

bone forming situations

Answer 23

Embryonic and fetal development
When bones grow before adulthood
When bones remodel
When bones heal

Question 24

axial skeleton

Answer 24

80 bones
Skull bones
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bones
Ribs
Sternum 
Bones of the vertebral column

Question 25

processes

Answer 25

Projections of outgrowths that form joints | Serve as attachment points for ligaments & tendons

Question 26

types of bones

Answer 26

Long- greater length than width. EX-Humerus, Femur Short- cube shaped, length & width are equal. EX-carpals Flat- thin layers of parallel plates. EX- sternum Irregular- complex shapes. EX- vertebra Sesamoid- Shaped like a sesame seed. EX- knee cap

Question 27

epichondyle

Answer 27

usually roughened projection on a chondyle

Question 28

line

Answer 28

long, narrow ridge or border

Question 29

spinous process

Answer 29

sharp, slender projection

Question 30

cartilaginous joints

Answer 30

Types- synchondroses, symphyses Lack a synovial cavity Permit little or no movement

Question 31

fissure

Answer 31

narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves

Question 32

foramen

Answer 32

hole for passage of blood vessel, nerve, or ligaments

Question 33

fossa

Answer 33

shallow depression

Question 34

pelvic girdle

Answer 34

Made up of coal bones Illium (wider in females) Ischium Pubis

Question 35

types of joints

Answer 35

Fibrous- immovable cartilaginous- slightly movable, hyaline cartilage connection synovial- freely movable

Question 36

nutrient artery

Answer 36

enter the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. nutrient veins exit via the same canal

Question 37

trochanter

Answer 37

very large projection found only in the femur

Question 38

tubercle

Answer 38

variably sized rounded projection

Question 39

tuberosity

Answer 39

variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

Question 40

compact bone

Answer 40

good at providing protection and support

Question 41

curve related pathologies of spine

Answer 41

Scoliosis- increased lateral curvature Kyphosis- increased thoracic curve bent forward Lordosis- increased lumbar curve bent backwards

Question 42

depressions & openings

Answer 42

Allow the passage of soft tissues | Form joints

Question 43

appendicular skeleton

Answer 43

126 bones Bones of the upper & lower extremities Bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 44

diaphysis

Answer 44

bone shaft

Question 45

intramembranous ossification

Answer 45

occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

Question 46

carpal bones

Answer 46

*Palmar Side Up* Proximal- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hammate

Question 47

metaphysis

Answer 47

region between diaphysis & epiphysis

Question 48

tarsal bones

Answer 48

``` Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform ```

Question 49

joint point of contacts

Answer 49

Two or more bones Cartilage & bone Teeth & bone

Question 50

periosteal arteries

Answer 50

accompanied by nerves. enter the diaphysis through volkmann's canal. accompanied by periosteal veins.

Question 51

bursae

Answer 51

sac like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

Question 52

endosteum

Answer 52

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

Question 53

arthroplasty

Answer 53

joint replacement surgery