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Bio 186 > A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Resolving Power

A

minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points (clarity of image)

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2
Q

Microscope TEM

A

reveals internal details

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3
Q

Microscope SEM

A

reveals surface details

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4
Q

Why is the cell so small ?

A

-surface area/volume ratio determines how fast material can diffuse in and out of the cell (diffusion fall as cell gets larger)

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • small 1-5 um long
  • lack nucleus
  • ribosome and cell wall differ from eukaryotes
  • capsule: sticky outer layer
  • (pili)= projections
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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • 10-100um long
  • membrane bounded organelles
  • true nucleus
  • cellular metabolism occurs with organelles, increase membrane
  • non-membrane structures (cytoskeleton, centrioles)
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7
Q

Nucleus

A
  • largest organelle

- stores, protects, replicates, and expressed genetic info

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane

- contains nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Nucleoplasm contains

A

chromatin: DNA and protein

- ribosomes synthesis

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10
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A
  • inner nuclear membrane
  • shape of nucleus
  • protein called lamin
  • chromosomes attachment site for organizing the nuclear contents
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11
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

framework of fibres throughout nucleus

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12
Q

Human eye revolving point

A

0.1-0.2mm

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13
Q

Cell surface area

A

how fast materials can diffuse in nutrients or out of cell

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14
Q

What happens when the larger cell gets more surface area to volume ratio ?

A

volume ratio decreases (bad)

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15
Q

Perinuclear space

A

space between molecules

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16
Q

nuclear pore complexes

A

transmits traffic between nucleoplasm

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

contains protiens and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that functions to synthesize proteins

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18
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

A

four dozen protiens (aka four rRNA molecules)

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19
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

located in cytosol, makes protien for cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondria, and nucleoplasm

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20
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

bound to endoplasmic reticulum make modified protiens active in endomembrane system (transmembrane protiens in golgi network) and secrets protiens

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21
Q

Endomembrane system

A

membranes whose member are in direct contact with one another or engage in vesicular trafficking togther

  • includes double membranes
  • excludes paracisomes, chloroplast and mitochondria
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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

network of tubes and sacs, interior space= lumen

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23
Q

Smoother ER

A
  • no protein related function
  • lipid synthesis
  • carbohydrates metabolism
  • sequesters CA2+
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24
Q

Rough ER

A
  • protein synthesis
  • protein storing
  • protein modifications
  • membrane biogenesis
  • all facilitated by prepare of ribsomes
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25
Golgi Appparatus
series of flattened sacs and associated vesicles consisting of cisternae (flattened membrane disk)
26
Cis cisternae
cis golgi network= receiving, convex (((
27
trans cisternae
trans golgi network- shipping concave )))
28
Golgi Functions
- protein sorting, processing, modifications to oligosaccharides to glyco- protein and lipids - plant vacuoles - no synthesis and no ribosomes
29
Vesicles
transport one part of the endomembrane system to another
30
Lysosomes
acidic compartments in animal cells containing acid hydrolases - maintain pH 5 - contain activity of H+ ATP in lysosomal membrane
31
Heterophagy
digestion of material brought into cell environment
32
Autophagy
digestion of cells own material (worn out organelles)
33
Central Vacuoles
occupies most volume of mature plant and fungal cells (only in plants) - maintains proper pressure to support plant growth - performs hydrolytic functions, stores waste and toxins
34
Food vacuoles
contain phagocytosed food
35
Contractile vacuoles
expell liquid and regulate osmotic pressure
36
Mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration, perform most oxidation to provide energy to form ATP
37
Mitochondria features
- double membrane | - hundreds to thousands per cell
38
Inner mitochondrial membrane
site of eletron transport chain ETC - increase surface area - linning of intestines
39
Mitochondrial matrix
site of citric acid cycle KREBS
40
Circular DNA
high plants also have linear
41
binary fission
replication
42
prokaryotic origin
but no longer able to live independently - phagocytosis - origin of alpha protobacteria
43
Chloroplast
plastids that perform photosynthesis in plants and algae
44
Chloroplast features
- green due to pigment | - double membrane
45
thylakoid membrane
site of light absorbtion - eletron transport produced ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle - may be stacked
46
stroma
fluid between grana site of calvin cycle and CO2 fixation
47
Chemiosmosis
use by both mitochondria and chloroplast to generate ATP
48
Endosymbiont theory
eukaryotes took 1st prok (mitochondria ) 2nd prok (chloroplast)
49
peroxisome
involved in catabolic oxidative processes
50
peroxisome features
- belong to microbodies - single membrane - forms peroxyde (H2O2) toxic and broken down by catalase - doesnt contain own DNA
51
cytoskeleton
muscle and bone of the cell containing many proteins
52
cytoskeleton features
- maintains shape - facilitates motility - holds and traffics organelles - transmits signals
53
cytoskeleton components
- microtubles - microfillaments - intermediate fillaments
54
Microtubles (large)
tubulin heterodimers that are dynamic (grow and shrink) - hollow and largest cytoskeletal element - centrosome ogranize MT, - dyneins and Kinesisns - walk along MT in a sliding effect where cilia carry cargo
55
Microfilaments (small)
- actin molecules involved in cell crawling and cytoplasmic streaming - solid rods - myosins : ATP dependent, thick filaments - sarcomere muscle units: thin filaments actin - muscle movement; myosin and actin
56
Intermediate filaments (medium)
- durable fibres used in support only - high tensile strength to withstand mechanical stress - form nuclear lamina
57
plant cell wall
-cellulose (polymer of glucose) microfibres in matrix of polysaccharides and proteins
58
Plasmodesmata
-small threads of cytosol connect between plant cell neighbors = communication
59
animal cell surface- Intercellular Junctions
``` tight junctions (diffusion barriers) desmosomes (anchoring junctions) gap junctions (communication junctions) ```
60
animal cell surface- Extracellular Junction
- gylcoproteins, proteoglycans cross linked to each other by extracellular adhesion protein - anchors and supports cells, facilitates tissue formation and gene expression

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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