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Bio 186 > Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Macromolecule

A

are polymers built from monomers

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2
Q

monomers

A

molecules of a polymer (building blocks of polymer)

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3
Q

polymers

A

many monomers covalently (held on one atom) linked together

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

polymers are assembled this way, and a H2O molecule is lost in the reaction of combining monomers together

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

polymers are broken down through this and a H2O molecule is added between monomers to break the bond

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6
Q

Diversity of Polymers

A

small molecules common to all organism ordered into unique macromolecules

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7
Q

Homopolymers

A

same monomers in chain eg. starch which is polymerized glucose

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8
Q

Heteropolymers

A

different monomers in chain eg. DNA

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9
Q

Carbohydrates: energy storage

A
  • glycogen in human muscles and liver

- starch in plants

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10
Q

Carbohydrates: energy transport

A
  • glucose in blood

- sucrose in plants

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11
Q

Carbohydrates: building material

A
  • cellulose in plant cell walls

- chittin in arthropod skeletons and fugal cell walls

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12
Q

Carbohydrates: Molecular recognition and communication at the cell surface

A

-membrane glycoprotein and glycolipids such as MHC complex on the surface of our cells

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13
Q

Monoscacharides

A

simple sugar, 3-7 carbons

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14
Q

Aldose

A

possessed aldehyde group HCOR (C=0) at the end

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15
Q

Ketose

A

possessed ketone group RCOR (C=0) at the middle

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16
Q

Isomeric form

A

arrangement of groups on asymmetric carbon atom (mirror image)

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17
Q

Straight chain or ring forms

A

rings form predominates in aqueous solutions at pH 7

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

two monosacharides attached to each other by a glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides (same or different) by a dehydration reaction

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20
Q

isomers

A

orientation of the -H and -OH groups on the #1 carbon

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21
Q

oligosaccharides

A

several monosaccharides attached together, often covalently linked to the noncytoplasmic side of the protein (glycoprotein) and lipids (glycolipids)

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22
Q

starch

A

the main storage of polysaccharides of plants and some algae
-shape of helix

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23
Q

amylose

A

linear polymer of glucose with alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage (no branches)

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24
Q

amylopectin

A

similar to amylose except it has alpha 1-6 and branches

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25
Glycogen
main storage of polysaccharide of animals | -similar to amylopectin but branch point are more frequent
26
amylase
digest starch and glycogen
27
cellulose
principal component of plant cell wall, most abundant polysaccharide -glucose linkage beta 1-4
28
Cellulose structure
- unbranched and straight - hydroxyl group H bond to those on cellulose molecules lying parallel, forming cables called microfibrils (good building material)
29
Cellulase
- cows and termites have bacteria in stomach to to make cellulase - not all animals have this
30
Chittin
principal component of arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls - homoploymer of monosaccharides derivative - second most abundant polysaccharide
31
Lipids
hydrophobic, with hydrophilic functional groups attached
32
hydrophobic
H2O doesnt dissolve
33
hydrophilic
H2O does dissolve
34
Lipid; energy storage
lipids twice as much energy as carbohydrates (compact fuel reserve)
35
Lipids; fuel molecules
fatty acids (released from fat) are oxidized in the mitochondria and ATP is produced as a result
36
Lipid; membrane formation
phospholipids and glycolipids self assemble into bilayers in aq solution
37
Lipid; Communication
steroid hormones | secondary messanger
38
Lipid; Protection
adipose tissue cushions the organs
39
Lipids; insulation
adipose tissue has low thermal conductivity (used by endotherm) (animals that need to generate heat)
40
Fatty acids
- unbranched hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain - hydrophilic carboxyl group - 16 or 18 carbon
41
Amphipathic
molecules with hydrophobic an hydrophilic parts | -unsaturated with double bonds
42
Triacylglycerol
glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol
43
cis isomer
H on same side
44
trans isomer
H on opposite sides
45
Animal fats at room temperatures
- solid - saturated - stack regularly - heat is needed to disrupt
46
Plant fats at room temp
- liquid - unsaturated - stacked irregularly - lower heat is needed for disruption
47
Membrane lipids
amphipathic, form spontaneously
48
micelle formation
head group larger, chain area head pokes out
49
bilayer formation
head is same as side chain (2 layers)
50
liposomes
sphere in which phospholipids bilayer encloses an aqueous compartment
51
cell plasma membrane
- lipid bilayer - glycolipids and glycoproteins - ECM (extracellular membrane)
52
steriods
- four fused rings | - example cholesterol
53
cholesterol
- important component of animal membrane - stablized at high temp by retaining phospholipids - maintians fluidity at low temp by preventing clusters
54
why oil and water dont mix
hydrophobic water molecules H bond amongst themselves but cant bond with hydrophilic chains
55
Van der waals
neighbouring eletrons push each other out of the way and are present in some regions and not in others (attraction intermolecule force) -only attractive between hydrophobic molecules
56
Amino acids
at pH 7 contain + and - charges at once
57
non polar AA
- hydrophobic | - protein core
58
polar uncharged AA
- hydrophillic | - H bonds form
59
polar charged AA
- changes with pH - low pH= protons and hydrogen - high pH= no protons or hydrogen
60
polypeptide
any string of AA
61
proteins
one or more polypeptide chain
62
Primary 1
``` linear AA order N begins C ends translates mRNA altered by mutations ```
63
Secondary 2
alpha helix and beta strands, beta sheets (repetition)
64
Tertiary 3
entire folded protein due to R group interactions | altered by pH, temp, salt and mutation
65
Quaternary 4
packing of two or more polypeptide chains 2 alpha 2 beta
66
denaturation
protein unfolds or breaks down
67
molecular chaperones
help fold proteins need ATP
68
chaperonins
provides internal to fold (ATP needed) shield from environment
69
1 structure
determines location of secondary ( R group interactions)
70
Nucleotides
monomers make up DNA and RNA polymers | pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
71
Nucleoside
no phosphate
72
Polynucleotide strands
polymers of nucleotides formed by dehydration synthesis Backbone; regular aternation of sugars and phosphate groupds DNA and RNA have 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl
73
DNA purines vs pyrimidines | RNA purines vs pyrimidines
A and G / T and C | A and G / U and C
74
DNA double helix
polypeptides wrapped together H bond opposite bases and van der waal interaction occurs strands anitparallel

Bio 186 (12 decks)

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