A1 Lungs And Health Studies

Question 1

Where does the air move during inspiration?

Answer 1

Air moves into the lungs down trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and then the alveoli

Question 2

What happens to the lung volume during inspiration?

Answer 2

Increases- to let air into the lungs

Question 3

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

Answer 3

The pressure decreases lower than atmospheric pressure

Question 4

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

Answer 4

They contract to push ribcage up and out

Question 5

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Answer 5

It contracts to flatten out

Question 6

Where does the air move during expiration?

Answer 6

Air moves out of the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi and trachea and mouth

Question 7

What happens to the lung volume during expiration?

Answer 7

Decreases- to force air out of the lungs

Question 8

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?

Answer 8

The pressure increases greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 9

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

Answer 9

They relax and pull ribcage back down

Question 10

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

Answer 10

It relaxes and returns to domed shape

Question 11

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during forced expiration?

Answer 11

They contract

Question 12

Fick’s Law: Rate of diffusion=

Answer 12

Surface area X Difference in concentration / Diffusion distance

Question 13

How does oxygen get into the blood?

Answer 13

It moves through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and then alveoli, it then diffuses across the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. Finally it diffuses through the red blood cell membrane and then bind with the haemoglobin

Question 14

How are alveoli adapted?

Answer 14

Short diffusion distance due to its one cell thick wall, large surface area as there are millions of alveoli, good blood supply by the surrounding capillaries so maintains a high concentration gradient

Question 15

What is breathing a result of?

Answer 15

A difference in pressure between the lungs and the atmospheric pressure this is called a pressure gradient

Question 16

How does air get to the alveolar air space?

Answer 16

Down a pressure gradient (generated by muscle contraction)

Question 17

How does oxygen get to haemoglobin?

Answer 17

It diffuses through the alveolar epithelium

Question 18

What is the definition of tidal volume?

Answer 18

Is the volume of breaths with each normal breathe (the average is between 0.4-0.5 dm^3)

Question 19

What is ventilation rate?

Answer 19

The number of breaths per minute (the average is 15)

Question 19

What is FEV?

Answer 19

Forced expiratory volume is the volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

Question 20

What is FVC?

Answer 20

Forced vital capacity is the volume of air that can be breathed out forcefully after a deep breath

Question 21

What is pulmonary ventillation?

Answer 21

It is the volume of air ventilated by the lungs in a minute

Question 22

What is the equation for pulmonary ventillation?

Answer 22

Tidal volume x ventilation rate

Question 23

What is the cause of asthma?

Answer 23

Smoking, air pollution and genetic pre-disposition

Question 24

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Answer 24

Temporary breathing difficulties, asthma attacks and wheezing

Question 25

How is gas exchange slowed by asthma?

Answer 25

Tidal volume is reduced which decreases the concentration gradient

Question 26

What are the risk factors for asthma?

Answer 26

Pollen , dust and genetics

Question 27

What is the cause of turberculosis?

Answer 27

Bacterial infection

Question 28

What are the symptoms of turberculosis?

Answer 28

Coughing , fever and chest pain

Question 29

How gas exchange is slowed by turberculosis?

Answer 29

Scar tissue makes alveoli thicker which increases the diffusion distance

Question 30

What are the risk factors of turberculosis?

Answer 30

Poor diet , AIDS and HIV

Question 31

What is the cause of Emphysema?

Answer 31

Smoking and occupation

Question 32

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

Answer 32

Difficulty breathing and dry coughing

Question 33

How gas exchange is slowed by Emphysema?

Answer 33

Reduced elasticity of the lungs prevents exhalation which reduces the concentration gradient

Question 34

What are the risk factors of Emphysema?

Answer 34

Smoking

Question 35

What is the cause of lung cancer?

Answer 35

smoking and carinogen exposure

Question 36

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 36

Breathing difficulty and weight loss

Question 37

How is gas exchange slowed by lung cancer?

Answer 37

Reduced tidal volume due to tumours

Question 38

What are the risk facors of lung cancer?

Answer 38

Smoking

Question 39

What is the cause of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 39

Occupation and genetic pre dispostion

Question 40

What are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 40

Dry cough and breathing difficulties

Question 41

How is gas exchange slowed by pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 41

Scar tissue increases diffusion distance and reduces elasticity

Question 42

What are the risk factors of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 42

Coal and dust

Question 43

Do small or big organisms have a large surface area?

Answer 43

Small

Question 44

What increases when surface area to volume ratio increases?

Answer 44

Oxygen uptake increases

Question 45

What are endotherms?

Answer 45

Organisms that control body temperature internally

Question 46

What replaces heat loss?

Answer 46

Respiration