B1 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 1

With the use of water polymers are broken down to constituent monomers

Question 2

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 2

When two monomers join together by a chemical reaction

Question 3

What is the bond between two monosaccharides during a condensation reaction?

Answer 3

Glycosidic bond

Question 4

What are the 3 main groups that carbohydrates are divided into?

Answer 4

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 5

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 5

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 6

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides.

Answer 6

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 7

Give 3 examples of disaccharides.

Answer 7

Lactose, maltose and sucrose

Question 8

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides.

Answer 8

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

Question 9

Where is the hydrogen in an alpha glucose?

Answer 9

Above the hydroxyl

Question 10

Where is the hydrogen in a beta glucose?

Answer 10

Below the hydroxyl

Question 11

What is an isomer?

Answer 11

A molecule with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in a different way which gives them different properties

Question 12

What is the reaction called to form maltose and water?

Answer 12

Condensation reaction

Question 13

What two monosaccharides are needed to form maltose and water?

Answer 13

Alpha glucose

Question 14

What is the word to use instead of broken down?

Answer 14

Hydrolysed

Question 15

What is the symbol equation of the condensation reaction to form maltose?

Answer 15

C6H1206 + C6H1206 = C12H22011 + H20

Question 16

What two monosaccharides are needed to form sucrose?

Answer 16

Glucose and fructose

Question 17

What two monosaccharides are needed to form lactose?

Answer 17

Glucose and galactose

Question 18

What two monosaccharides are needed to form maltose?

Answer 18

Glucose and glucose (alpha)

Question 19

Give one function and structure for starch.

Answer 19

It is insoluble so there is no effect on osmosis
Branched so glucose is easily released for respiration

Question 20

Give one function and structure for glycogen.

Answer 20

It has more branches compared to starch so there is a faster rate of glucose hydrolysis

Question 21

Give one function and structure for cellulose.

Answer 21

Strands of cellulose form fibrils which provide strength and support

Question 22

Give two differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen.

Answer 22

Cellulose is made from beta glucose whereas glycogen is made from alpha glucose
Glycogen is branched whereas cellulose is unbranched and linear

Question 23

What is the equation for preparing a serial dilution?

Answer 23

Required concentration/stock solution x final volume

Question 24

What are examples of reducing sugars?

Answer 24

All monosaccharides and maltose and lactose

Question 25

What is the test for reducing sugars?

Answer 25

Add Benedict's solution to sample in a test tube. Shake mixture and heat Observe colours: red - highest amount of reducing sugar present Blue- lowest or no amount of reducing sugar

Question 26

What is an example of a non reducing sugar?

Answer 26

Sucrose

Question 27

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

Answer 27

Add hydrochloric acid to the non reducing sugar and heat in a water bath add some sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise Add Benedict's solution and heat Observe colours: red- highest amount of non reducing sugar Blue-Lowest or no amount of non reducing sugar