Jerome Frank: - Persuasion and Healing

A1.1 Basic Psychology PsychMentor Flashcards by Khaled Abdulrab

Which of the following is suggested by the bystander effect theory?

Females are most likely to intervene in a crisis
A small number of witnesses predicts a higher chance of intervention
Females tend to help more in a crisis situation
A person is most likely to help in a crisis situation if there are a large number of people present to provide support
People of the same race are more likely to help each other than those of different races

A small number of witnesses predicts a higher chance of intervention.

The bystander effect (aka the Genovese Effect).

Bystanders are less likely to help if:-

There are many other people
Perpetrators are present
The costs of intervention were physical (rather than non-physical)
When the situation is perceived as dangerous

Bystanders are more likely to help if:-

They are male
When the bystanders are not strangers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A psychiatrist passes the MRCPsych exam having based their revision solely on previous exam MCQs. Alternatively, another psychiatrist who has based their revision on text books fails the same exam despite having gained vast knowledge. This is an example of which of the following?

	Hawthorne effect
	Interloper effect
	Practice effect
	Halo effect
	Forer effect

There is a time and a place for indulging in textbooks, and it’s not when trying to pass the MRCPsych exam!

The College clearly likes this question that we wrote as it has started appearing on the exam. Remeber you saw it here first!

The Hawthorne effect refers to the way subjects behave differently if they know they are being observed.

The halo effect is a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait is influenced by the perception of another trait. For example assuming someone with glasses is intelligent.

The Forer effect attempts to explain practices such as astrology. It is the observation that people will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.

The interloper effect is the tendency to value third party consultation as objective.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which study involved the intentional administration of hepatitis to children with learning disabilities?

	Willowbrook Study
	Stanford prison experiment
	Milgram experiment
	Tearoom Trade study
	Tuskegee Studies

The Willowbrook School Study

The Willowbrook school was a state supported institution for children with learning difficulties located in New York.

During the 1960s a study was carried out there which involved the inoculation of healthy children with hepatitis and the subsequent administration of gamma globulin to assess for its potential to treat the disorder.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true regarding the structural model of the mind?

	The ego is completely conscious
	The Id operates on the reality principle
	The super ego contains the ego ideal
	It was suggested by Carl Jung
	The super ego is fully formed at birth

The super ego contains the ego ideal.

The Id is the area that contains the instinctive drives. It operates under primary process thinking, acts according to the pleasure principle, and is without a sense of time.

The ego attempts to modify the drives from the Id with external reality. It operates on the reality principle. It has aspects that are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. It is home to the defenses mechanisms.

The super ego constantly observes a person and acts as critical agency. Freud claimed it developed from internalised values of a child’s main carers. The ego ideal is part of the super ego and represents ideal attitudes and behaviour. It is useful to think of the super ego as the conscience.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following operates on the reality principle?

	Consciousness
	Super ego
	Id
	Ego
	Preconscious system

Ego.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Freud, which of the following is true regarding the Id?

It is ruled by the reality principle
It has no sense of time
Together with the ego they comprise the conscience
It operates on secondary process thinking
It suppresses the desires of the ego

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following types of group are most prone to groupthink?

	Collaborative
	Confrontational
	Homogeneous
	Informal
	Self-directed

Homogeneous.

The term groupthink was coined by Irving Janis in 1972.

Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome.

Group members try to minimise conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints.

Several conditions must take place for groupthink to occur . The group must be isolated from outside influences. Group loyalty prevents individuals from raising controversial issues of alternative solutions. There is a loss of individual creativity and independent thinking. The group experiences the “illusion of invulnerability,” an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made. Typically the group is under a high level of pressure to make a decision, and it lacks an impartial leader. These factors can lead a group to make a catastrophically bad decision.

Symptoms of groupthink include:

Illusion of invulnerability
Belief in inherent morality of the group
Collective rationalisation
Stereotypes of 'out-groups'
Self-censorship
Illusion of unanimity - assuming that people who remain silent agree with the majority view
Direct pressure on dissenters
Self-appointed mind guards - protecting the group from outside info that challenges the groups view of itself

Several interventions can help reduce groupthink:

Leaders should allow each member to challenge ideas and present objections
Members should talk about and solicit ideas with people outside the group
Outside Experts should be invite to attend meetings
Avoid expressing opinions about the preferred outcome
Assign ‘Devil’s Advocate’ at all meetings to challenge any and all ideas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is not a core component of language?

	Syntax
	Pragmatics
	Semantics
	Phonology
	Subversion

Subversion.

The four core components of language are: Semantics, Syntax, Pragmatics, Phonology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

‘The Myth of Mental Illness’ was written by which of the following?

	Cooper
	Szasz
	Laing
	Foucault
	Goffman

Thomas Szasz - The myth of mental illness.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Michel Foucault

Michel Foucault -

Madness and civilization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud:

1- The interpretation of dreams
2- Beyond the Pleasure Principle
3- The Psychopathology of everyday life

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Thomas Szasz

Thomas Szasz:

The myth of mental illness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman
Asylums:

1- The Presentation of 2- Self in Everyday Life

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Ronald Laing

Ronald Laing:

The divided self

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Emile Durkheim.

Emile Durkheim:

Le suicide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Books by Tom Main

Tom Main:

The Ailment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Book by Jerome Frank

Jerome Frank:

Persuasion and Healing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Book by George Brown and Tirril Harris

George Brown and Tirril Harris:

Social origins of depression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A patient is prescribed an antidepressant by her psychiatrist. 6 weeks later they feel better and conclude that depression must have a biological cause. Which of the following is illustrated by this scenario?

	Confirmation bias
	Intervention-causation fallacy
	Butterfly effect
	Fundamental attribution error
	Biopsychosocial model

Intervention-causation fallacy

refers to the erroneous assumption that a cure proves a cause

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following declarations provides guidence for doctors treating people on hunger strike?

	Declaration of Malta
	Declaration of Helsinki
	Declaration of Geneva
	Declaration of Tokyo
	Declaration of Ottawa

Declaration of Malta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Declaration of Geneva.

Revision of Hippocratic Oath.

Following Nazi war crimes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Declaration of Helsinki.

Ethical principles for human medical research.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Declaration of Tokyo.

Doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Declaration of Lisbon.

Patient rights.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Declaration of Ottawa.

Declaration of Ottawa. Optimal child health.

Which of the following is used to test the frontal lobe function of abstraction? ``` Verbal fluency Wisconsin card sorting test Cognitive estimates Alternating sequences Stroop test ```

Cognitive estimates

Frontal lobe test for: Initiation

Function: Initiation Test: Verbal and categorical fluency

Frontal lobe test for: Abstraction

Function: Abstraction. Tests: Proverbs, similarities, cognitive estimates

Frontal lobe test for: Problem solving and decision making

Function: Problem solving and decision making Tests: Tower of London, Cambridge stockings, gambling tasks

Frontal lobe test for: Response inhibition and set shifting

Function: Response inhibition and set shifting Tests: Alternating sequences, go-no-go test, Luria motor test, trail making test, Wisconsin card sorting test, Stroop test

The central feature of virtue theory is ``` The nature of life The consequences to society The beliefs of an individual The benefit to society The character of the person ```

The character of the person

According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion.

Singer-Schachter theory

This theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.

Lazarus theory

This theory proposed that when an event happens, one feels an emotion at the same time as physiological changes

Cannon-Bard theory

A man is walking down a dark ally. He hears footsteps, his heart starts to beat faster, and his breathing deepens. At the same time as experiencing theses physiological changes he experiences fear. Which emotional theory is this consistent with? ``` Attributional theory Singer-Schachter theory Lazarus theory Cannon-Bard theory James-Lange theory ```

Cannon-Bard theory

Which of the following is credited with the introduction of trait theory? ``` Allport Freud Rogers Skinner Festinger ```

Allport: Cardinal, Central and Secondary traits.

Premack's principle states that Anxiety about a situation is directly linked to perceived lack of ability to control it High frequency behaviours can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour Learning takes place by the observation of others The more people observe a person in need of help the less likely it is anyone will actually offer the help People have a natural tendency to assume that others mistakes result from personality flaws rather than circumstances

High frequency behaviours can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour

The move away from institutionalised care for people with learning disability towards a life that consists of a more normal experience is referred to as what. ``` Community focussed care Validation Empathy based management Normalisation The reduced stigma model ```

Normalisation

In which of the following studies investigated obedience and authority and help to explain the actions of people in Nazi Germany? ``` Rosenhan experiment Milgrams' experiment Tuskegee experiment Beecher's study Stanford prison experiments ```

Milgrams' experiment. Milgram was interested in authority and obedience and devised a study to investigate this. The participants were told that they were participating in research on the effects of punishment using an electric shock on memory.

Pragnanz is the central law of which of the following braches of psychology? ``` Structuralism Gestalt psychology Psychodynamic psychotherapy Behaviourism Social psychology ```

Gestalt psychology. Willhelm Wundt - founder of structuralism. Pragnanz - This is the central law that states that 'every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible'.

Which of the following is associated with the anti-psychiatry movement? ``` Bion Szasz Deniker Kane Erickson ```

Szasz. book - The myth of mental illness

Which of the following is suggested by the catharsis hypothesis? That inducing vomiting can help reduce feelings of anxiety That providing therapy to an angry patient can induce feelings of aggression in the therapist That engaging in violent fantasies can cause a person to become violent That watching violent films can result in an increase of aggressive impulses in the observer That participating in violent sports such as boxing can provide a means if discharging feelings of anger

That participating in violent sports such as boxing can provide a means if discharging feelings of anger

Which of the following is used to assess a persons ability to think abstractly? ``` Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Sach's sentence completion test Clock Drawing test Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sort Test Rorschach ink blot test ```

Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sort Test. used to assess abstract/concrete thinking and how well concepts are formed. The patient is required to sort objects by colour or material, and copy block patterns with coloured cubes.

Which of the following describes the code of ethical recommendations used currently to guide clinical research worldwide? ``` Helsinki declaration Mt Sinai declaration Nuremburg Code Tuskegee code GMC guidance ```

Helsinki declaration.

Consequentialism is another term for which of the following? ``` Deontology Beneficence Kantianism Teleology Virtue ethics ```

Teleology Utilitarianism is an example

The basic ethical principals

``` Basic ethical principles: 1 - Autonomy 2 - Beneficence 3 - Non-maleficence 4 - Justice ```

Which of the following terms is used in classical rather than operant conditioning? ``` Punishment Stimulus Reward Shaping Fixed-ratio schedule ```

Stimulus.

A consultant psychiatrist attends the ward for an interview with a new patient. The patients had been very chaotic until she arrived but settled down immediately in fear that she might suspend their leave. The consultant incorrectly concluded that the patients were settled throughout the day. This is an example of which of the following? ``` Interloper effect Hawthorne effect Halo effect Forer effect Practice effect ```

Hawthorne form of observer bias

Which of the following suggests a nightmare rather than a night terror? ``` Occurs early in sleep Significant associated autonomic arousal Occurs in REM sleep Occurs in children Complete amnesia following it ```

Occurs in REM sleep. Nightmare: - partial recall - in REM - Late in sleep - minimal autonomic arousal. Night terror: - no recall - Stage 4 - Early - significant autonomic arousal. - age 3-12, mostly 3-4. M=F.

Behavioural activation is primarily aimed at treating which of the following? ``` PTSD Sexual fetishism Depression Autism Schizophrenia ```

Depression. Behavioural activation is a formal therapy for depression which focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes (e.g. rumination) that serve as a form of avoidance.

Cognitive dissonance refers to information that is ``` Difficult to retain Hard to believe In more than one sensory formats Vital to survival Contradictory to an individual's beliefs ```

Contradictory to an individual's beliefs. Cognitive Dissonance - Festinger.

Which of the following developed the theory of classical conditioning? ``` Pavlov Ellis Skinner Bandura Watson ```

Pavlov

Procedural memory is a subset of which of the following types of memory? ``` Declarative Implicit Working Episodic Semantic ```

Implicit

Learning that results from the consequences of behaviours is called ``` Positive conditioning Counter conditioning Operant conditioning Avoidance conditioning Classical conditioning ```

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit that sets a person apart from others? ``` Labelling Discrimination Stigma Prejudice Stereotype ```

Stigma.

Which of the following argued against the idea that intelligence could be measured by a single factor and suggested there were seven independent primary abilities? ``` Binet Thurstone Murray Wechsler Spearman ```

Thurstone ``` Primary abilities: 1- Word fluency 2- Verbal comprehension 3- Spatial visualization 4- Number facility 5- Associative memory 6- Reasoning 7- Perceptual speed ```

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is called ``` A conditioned response An unconditioned response An unconditioned stimulus A conditioned stimulus None of the above ```

An unconditioned response

A patient with dementia struggles to recall the details of his wedding. Which of the following areas of his memory is affected? ``` Working Semantic Procedural Implicit Episodic ```

Episodic

Which of the following is not one of the big five personality traits? ``` Generosity Agreeableness Extraversion Conscientiousness Neuroticism ```

Generosity. Big 5 = OCEAN - Openness to experience - Conscientiousness - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism (aka emotional stability)

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test is used to assess which of the following? ``` Personality Language Attitude Risk Memory ```

Memory

TESTS Premorbid intelligence

TESTS Premorbid intelligence National Adult Reading Test (NART)

TESTS Intelligence

TESTS Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS), Raven's Progressive Matrices

TESTS Memory

TESTS Memory Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure

TESTS Attention

TESTS Attention Stroop test, Wisconsin card sorting test, Tower of London, Continuous Performance Tasks

TESTS Language

TESTS Language Boston naming test, Animal fluency

A man attends his GP seeking advice on stopping smoking. The GP suggests that every time he lights a cigarette that he look at a picture of lung cancer. What form of conditioning does this represent? ``` Trace conditioning Higher Order Conditioning Aversive conditioning Counter conditioning Second-order conditioning ```

Aversive conditioning A technique where an unpleasant stimulus is paired with an unwanted behaviour (such as nail-biting, smoking) in order to create an aversion to it

Which of the following is one of Bion's basic group assumptions? ``` Catharsis Universality Cohesiveness Core beliefs Pairing ```

Pairing. Bion's Group Dynamics: He believed that groups had a collective unconscious that operated in a similar way to that of an individual. He therefore claimed that the function of this unconsciousness was to protect the group from the pain of reality. 2 types of group. 1) the working group - working well and getting the job done. 2) the basic assumption group - acting out primitive fantasies and preventing things from getting done. Types of Basic Assumptions Groups: - Dependancy (on a leader). - Flight-flight (perceived enemy) - Pairing

A woman with agoraphobia improves with repeated exposure to crowds. Which one of the following is the essential psychological process involved? ``` Distraction Extinction Instrumental conditioning Massed practice Selective abstraction ```

Extinction. If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus then the conditioned response will disappear.

The four principles of medical ethics are Consent, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice Amicability, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice Autonomy, Beneficence, Confidentiality and Justice Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Legality

Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice

A patient who is severely alcohol dependent does not recognise that he needs to change his drinking habit, and does not accept that his drinking is harmful, which stage of change is he in? ``` Preparation Action Pre-contemplation Contemplation Maintenance ```

Pre-contemplation. ``` Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change Model: 1 - Pre-contemplation 2- Contemplation 3- Preparation 4- Action 5- Maintenance ```

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? ``` Drink Sex Warmth Food Money ```

Money

According to Bion, which of the following is not a basic assumption group? ``` Dependency Dynamic shift Fight-flight Pairing None of the above ```

Dynamic shift

Who created the motivational theory call the 'hierarchy of needs'? ``` Anna Freud Harry Stack Sullivan Alfred Adler Carl Jung Abraham Maslow ```

Abraham Maslow Level 5 - Self-actualisation Level 4 - Esteem needs Level 3 - Social needs Level 2 - Safety needs Level 1 Physiological needs

Factual information and general knowledge about the world is stored in which of the following? ``` Episodic memory Procedural memory Semantic memory Iconic memory Haptic memory ```

Semantic memory

Which of the following correctly defines the concept of social capital? The resources that society invests into maintaining the health of the general population The resources available to an individual within a population from which they can draw support during periods of mental instability An individuals ability to overcome difficulties based on their position in the hierarchy of society Features of social life, networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives Aspects of an individual that result in them being considered as an attractive addition to a social group

Social Capital = Features of social life, networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives Putnam

Cognitive dissonance can result in a change in which of the following? ``` Group behaviour Confirmity Obedience Attribution Attitude ```

Attitude

When a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus it becomes ``` A conditioned response A reinforcer A conditioned stimulus An unconditioned response A phobia ```

A conditioned stimulus

According to the classification system of Kubler-Ross, which of the following is not a stage of grief? ``` Anger Denial Bargaining Rejection Acceptance ```

Rejection. ``` Kubler-Ross stages of grief: 1- Deniel 2- Anger 3- Bargaining 4- Depression 5- Acceptance ``` John Bowlby normal grief: 1) Shock & Protest - incl disbelief (days) 2) Preoccupation - yearning & anger (weeks) 3) Disorganisation - incl despair & acceptance (months) 4) Resolution (1-2 years) Abnormal grief: 1) Inhibited 2) Delayed (>2/52 from loss) 3) Chronic/prolonged (>6m)

Which of the following conditions is also known as pavor nocturnus? ``` Chronic insomnia Night terrors Nocturnal epilepsy Narcolepsy Night blindness ```

Night terrors = pavor nocturnus = sleep terrors

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? ``` Promotion Money Food Good grades Prizes ```

Food

Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of narcolepsy? ``` Hypnagogic hallucinations Excessive daytime sleepiness Automatic behaviour Anosognosia Hypnopompic hallucinations ```

Anosognosia ``` Narcolepsy is characterised by the following tetrad:- 1- Excessive sleepiness 2- Cataplexy 3- Hypnagogic hallucinations 4- Sleep paralysis ```

Ribot's law refers to which of the following? ``` Reduplicative paramnesia Object permanence Retrograde amnesia Anosognosia Bystander intervention ```

Retrograde amnesia. Ribot's Law of retrograde amnesia states that 'recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories'. Jost's Law of forgetting. This law states that that if 2 memories are of the same strength but different ages, the older will decay more slowly than the younger.

Which of the following is true regarding night terrors? Amnesia following a night terror is normal They are more common in adults than children They occur in REM sleep They are a severe type of nightmare They are more common in females

Amnesia following a night terror is normal

Semantic memory is memory for which of the following? ``` Events in a previous life Tasks such as washing and dressing Event's occurring in one's life Visuospatial orientation Language and knowledge ```

Language and knowledge

The term 'double agentry' refers to conflicts of interests between which of the following? ``` Young patients and their parents Patient care and the demands of hospital managers A patient and a potential victim A patient and their extended family All of the above ```

All of the above. Double agentry occurs when a psychiatrist has a conflict of interests that interferes with their ability to act soley in the best interests of the patient. eg Tarasoff case.

Which of the following is one of the big five personality traits? ``` Physical agility Playfulness Neuroticism Selfishness Stubbornness ```

Neuroticism

Which of the following is true regarding night terrors? They are more common in adults than children They are associated with complete amnesia for the episode They occur in REM sleep They occur several hours following the onset of sleep A typical episode lasts 2-3 hours

They are associated with complete amnesia for the episode

Whilst booking a new patient into clinic, a nurse obtains some background details and asks a patient where they went to school. What type of memory is required for the retrieval of this information? ``` Iconic Nondeclarative Episodic Semantic Sensoric ```

Episodic

A young man is seen in clinic along with his mother. The mother expresses concern about her sons use of cannabis as he is smoking it every night. Her son does not think that he has any problems with cannabis and thinks that his mother is overly protective. According to the stages of change model which stage is he currently at? ``` Contemplation Pre-contemplation Action Maintenance Preparation ```

Pre-contemplation

Which of the following is true regarding amnesia? In anterograde amnesia, long-term memories before the amnesia remain intact Source amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event Anterograde and retrograde amnesia rarely occur together Retrograde amnesia can be successfully treated with cholinesterase inhibitors Retrograde amnesia predominately affects procedural memory

In anterograde amnesia, long-term memories before the amnesia remain intact

Lacunar amnesia

Lacunar (not source) amnesia = the loss of memory about one specific event. The word lacuna is Latin for a gap or a missing part.

Retrograde amnesia generally involves

Retrograde amnesia generally involves the medial temporal lobe structures (e.g. hippocampus) not the cerebellum.

Source amnesia is

Source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge.

Anterograde amnesia refers to

Anterograde amnesia refers to the - inability to create new memories (the inability to transfer new information from the short-term to the long-term store). Although the exact mechanism is not understood it is thought to be due mainly to damage to the hippocampus.

Amnesia is typically associated with damage to

Amnesia is typically associated with damage to: - medial temporal lobe - hippocampus - midline diencephalon

Which of the following suggests a night terror rather than a nightmare? Associated with significant autonomic arousal Occurs in stage 2 sleep Occurs several hours after falling asleep Associated with enuresis There is partial recall after it

Associated with significant autonomic arousal

A cat comes into the kitchen expecting food every time a noise is made that is similar to the noise of the can opener used to open its cans of cat food. This is an example of. ``` Shaping Higher order conditioning Extinction Chaining Stimulus generalisation ```

Stimulus generalisation. This is the extension of the conditioned response from the original conditioned stimulus to other similar stimuli.

Which of the following is true regarding Bion's theory of group dynamics? Groups use basic assumptions to protect individuals from painful anxiety A group can hold several basic assumptions simultaneously A group that is functioning well is referred to as a basic assumption group An unconscious process operates within groups All group are basic assumption groups

An unconscious process operates within groups

A man develops a very severe toothache. He is prescribed a medication by his dentist. When he takes the medication the pain goes away. He carries the medication with him everywhere he goes and takes the medication as soon as the pain begins. The taking of the medication illustrates which of the following? ``` Incubation Avoidance conditioning Stimulus preparedness Reciprocal inhibition Escape conditioning ```

Escape conditioning This actually involves both classical and operant conditioning. - Escape conditioning refers to a situation whereby an aversive situation is removed after a response. - It is a form of negative reinforcement. - When a person learns to respond to a signal in a way that avoids an aversive stimulus before it arrives this is avoidance conditioning.

Which of the following is true regarding stigma? Courtesy stigma results from people being overly sympathetic to people with mental illness Psychiatrists are unlikely to stigmatise their patients Knowing someone with a mental illness is associated with a reduced tendency to stigmatize those with psychiatric problems Psychiatrists should avoid asking patients about stigma Psychiatric patients rarely complain about the effects of stigma on their lives

Psychiatric patients rarely complain about the effects of stigma on their lives

According to the Rechtschaffen and Kales classification of sleep, night terrors occur in which stage of sleep? ``` Stage 3 Stage 1 REM Stage 4 Stage 2 ```

Stage 4

A reduction in a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus with which it has been previously paired is referred to as. ``` Extinction Positive punishment Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Chaining ```

Extinction

Utilitarianism is an example of which of the following? ``` Teleology Deontology Virtue ethics Kantianism Autonomy ```

Teleology

Which of the following is not a domain covered by the Addenbrooke's cognitive exam? ``` Memory Visuospatial Calculation Language Attention and orientation ```

Calculation. Addenbrookes covers: - Attention & orientation - Memory - Verbal fluency - Language - Visuospatial total points = 100 94% sensitivity for dementia. 89% specificity. 84% sensitivity for dementia. 100% specificity.

In which of the following attitude scales is a panel of judges used to assess each statement to ascertain whether its degree of favourability towards the concept? ``` Thurstone scale Guttman Scale Likert Scale Semantic Differential Scale Q Sort technique ```

Thurstone scale = list of statements relating to concept. Likert scale = 5 responses from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Semantic Differential Scale = 7 point scale across bipolar labels (submissive v dominant). These are examples of Attitude scales.

The Hawthorne effect refers to which of the following? The reluctance on the part of clinicians to diagnose psychotic illnesses in patients with personality disorders The tendency for people to emulate the behaviour of superiors The propensity to violence of patients with learning disabilities when there are rapid shifts in environmental lighting Alterations in behaviour due to subjective awareness of being observed The observation that negative memories are more vividly recalled than positive ones

Alterations in behaviour due to subjective awareness of being observed

A doctor assesses a patient with alcohol-induced amnesia. They ask the patient "what did you have for breakfast this morning?". What type of information is being assessed with this question? ``` Sensoric Episodic Semantic Iconic Nondeclarative ```

Episodic

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice are based on which of the following ethical theory? ``` Deontology Principlism Utilitarianism Consequentialism Teleology ```

Principlism

Identify the stage of behaviour change defined by Prochaska and DiClemente (1993) when a patient is willing to accept positive advice for change, to make planned behaviour change, to set goals and to assess past successes and failures. ``` Awareness Contemplation Motivation Preparation Understanding ```

Preparation

A patient is unable to describe the function of a microwave despite having used one many times in the past. Which area of memory do you suspect is dysfunctional? ``` Episodic Working Procedural Semantic Implicit ```

Semantic

A university lecturer wants to collect evidence of her students' satisfaction with her teaching sessions. She gives each student a form after the teaching session and asks them to complete it. The form consists of just one question which reads 'how would you rate the teaching you have received today?'. Underneath the statement is a list of options to select from which reads 'very good' good' 'average', 'poor', 'very poor'. What type of scale has the lecturer used? ``` Guttman Scales Likert Scale Semantic Differential Scale Thurstone scale Multi Dimensional Scaling ```

Likert Scale

A teacher puts a child in detention for talking in class, the child never talks in class again. The change in behaviour results from which of the following? ``` Positive reinforcement Punishment Negative reinforcement Chaining Classical conditioning ```

Punishment

Which of the following is not one of the big five personality traits? ``` Carefulness Conscientiousness Surgency Openness to experience Agreeableness ```

Carefulness NB OCEAN

Which of the following is defined as a belief in a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs and the application of those beliefs to oneself? ``` Tribal stigma Self-stigma Social stigma Courtesy stigma Public stigma ```

Self-stigma

A taxi driver chooses not to stop at a red traffic light as they are late to pick up a client. An unmarked police car observes this and pulls the man over and gives him a fine. For many months after this incident the taxi driver ensures that he stops at red traffic lights to avoid any additional fines. Which of the following best describes the taxi driver's new behaviour at traffic lights. ``` Stimulus generalisation Stimulus preparedness Avoidance conditioning Escape conditioning Chaining ```

Avoidance conditioning = When a person learns to respond to a signal in a way that avoids an aversive stimulus before it arrives. Escape conditioning = when an aversive situation is removed after a response. It is a form of negative reinforcement. For example, imagine a rat stood on a raised platform in a pool of water. When an electrical current is applied to the plat from the rat will jump into the water to stop the unpleasant sensation of the electric shock (the shock is removed following the response).

A man, whose father died in car accident 4 months ago, complains that his mood is low, he is avoiding riding in cars, and he sees his father in his house at night although he understands that this experience is not real. What type of grief is suggested? ``` Disorganised grief Inhibited grief Chronic grief Delayed grief Normal grief ```

Normal grief

A mother is keen to teach her young child better table manners. She begins by simply giving the child praise just for sitting at the table. She then gives praise when the child sits on the chair and picks up the spoon. She then waits until the child is sat on the chair, picks up the spoon and puts some food on it and issues more praise. How is the mothers approach best described? ``` Shaping Chaining Positive punishment Habituation Reciprocal inhibition ```

Shaping = reward successive, increasingly accurate approximations to the behaviour. NB Chaining involves breaking a complex task into smaller more manageable section In shaping, each new approximation is reinforced. In chaining, reinforcers are usually provided at the end of the chain. Shaping always forward. Chaining can be backwards.

Which of the following help us understand why human do not tend to develop phobias of cars despite them being of considerable danger? ``` Stimulus preparedness Counter conditioning Aversive conditioning Incubation Higher order conditioning ```

Stimulus preparedness

Excessive daytime sleepiness and hypnagogic hallucinations are seen in which of the following? ``` Somnolence Cataplexy Sleep apnoea syndrome Catalepsy Narcolepsy ```

Narcolepsy

Which of the following coined the term 'institutional neurosis'? ``` Goffman Barton Foulkes Freud Jung ```

Barton - 'institutional neurosis'

The daughter of a lady with Alzheimer's disease has noticed that her mother tends to forget things that she has done recently but can recall events from the past with great detail. Whose law makes this same observation? ``` Tuke's Law Ribot's Law Pinel's Law Meyer's Law Pavlov's Law ```

Ribot's Law

Surgency is another term for which of the big five personality traits? ``` Neuroticism Openness Extraversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness ```

Surgency = Extraversion

What is the final stage of change according to the model of behaviour change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente? ``` Pre-contemplation Contemplation Action Maintenance Preparation ```

Maintenance

Which of the following needs ranks most highly on Maslow's hierarchy? ``` Esteem Safety Self-actualisation Social Physiological ```

Self-actualisation

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behaviour is called. ``` Reinforcement Shaping Chaining Generalisation Extinction ```

Shaping

A person described as having referent power would be expected to be which of the following? ``` Unusually strong Charismatic Hold a position of seniority Wealthy Knowledgeable in their field ```

Charismatic Referent power - by a person with charisma who people gravitate towards. Legitimate power - by an individual in an organisation. Expert power - by a person with specialist skills or knowledge. Reward power - by a person in a position to provide rewards. Coercive power - by a person who has the ability to apply negative influences such as demotion

Who is credited with the introduction of the term cognitive dissonance? ``` Beck Rogers Festinger Fromm Skinner ```

Festinger

Behavioural activation in depression involves which of the following? Beliefs about the self, world and the future Types and degree of avoidance Countertransference Understanding a detailed developmental history and the causes of depression Ignoring the context of interpersonal relationships

Types and degree of avoidance

Which of the following is focussed on the consequences of a decision rather than the actions behind them? ``` Kantianism Deontology Teleology Virtue ethics Autonomy ```

Teleology

A patient successfully completed a detoxification regime for his alcohol dependence 4 weeks ago and has still not consumed alcohol. According to the stages of change model, which of the following stages is he currently at? ``` Contemplation Pre-contemplation Action Maintenance Preparation ```

Maintenance

A swimming teacher divides a stroke into separate parts and teaches them individually before asking the students to put them all together. What is this style of teaching called? ``` Shaping Sequencing Linking Chaining Compartmentalising ```

Chaining

Which of the following is not one of the primary abilities suggested by Thurstone? ``` Number facility Perceptual speed Associative memory Working memory Word fluency ```

Working memory. Thurstone's primary abilities of intellegence are: - Word fluency - Verbal comprehension - Spatial visualization - Number facility - Associative memory - Reasoning - Perceptual speed

Which of the following is one of the primary abilities suggested by Thurstone? ``` Block design Processing speed Working memory Matrix reasoning Word fluency ```

Word fluency Thurstone's primary abilities of intellegence are: - Word fluency - Verbal comprehension - Spatial visualization - Number facility - Associative memory - Reasoning - Perceptual speed

A patient who has experienced a head injury can no longer tie his shoelaces despite normal motor function. Which type of memory is affected? ``` Procedural Declarative Working Episodic Semantic ```

Procedural

A child has his train set taken of him for hitting his friend. Which of the following terms describes this style of discipline? ``` Negative punishing Negative reinforcement Positive punishing Positive extinction Positive chaining ```

Negative punishing

Discrimination is another term used to describe which of the following types of stigma? ``` Internal stigma Self-stigma Enacted stigma Discredited stigma Courtesy stigma ```

Enacted stigma

A nurse is reprimanded for telling a patient that they are overweight. The nurse argues that they did this as they considered it wrong to lie regardless of the consequences. From what position is the nurse arguing? ``` Virtue based Non-maleficence Teleological Utilitarianism Deontological ```

Deontological

Which of the following is a cognitive component of social capital? ``` Values Precedents Networks Institutions Rules ```

Values. social capital = 'features of social life - networks, norms, and trust - that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives' (Putnam, 1996). Social capital is a property of groups rather than of individuals. Broken down into Structural and Cognitive social capital. Structural components = roles, rules, precedents, behaviours, networks and institutions. These may bond individuals in groups to each other, bridge divides between societal groups or vertically integrate groups with different levels of power and influence in a society, leading to social inclusion. Cognitive social capital = values, attitudes and beliefs that produce cooperative behaviour (Colletta & Cullen, 2000).

Which of the following scales used to assess attitudes generally uses a seven point scale and lists of bipolar options such as 'strong' or 'weak'? ``` Guttman Scale Likert Scale Multi Dimensional Scaling Semantic Differential Scale Thurstone scale ```

Semantic Differential Scale

A boy is very scared of a neighbours new dog. Every time he sees the dog he cries. His mother wants to put an end to this and arranges with the neighbour to bring the dog round once she has settled her son on her lap with an ice cream. She repeats this process and gradually the boy stops crying at the sight of the dog and gets comfortable with it being near to him. Which of the following theories explains this observation? ``` Operant conditioning Trace conditioning Aversive conditioning Reciprocal inhibition Higher order conditioning ```

Reciprocal inhibition.

Which area of the brain is principally involved in 'Working memory'? ``` Thalamus Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Pineal gland Hippocampus ```

Prefrontal cortex - working memory. Hippocampus - consolidates STM to LTM.

Goffman was associated with which of the following terms? ``` Double bind Womb envy Good enough mother Archetype Total institution ```

"Total institution" wrt asylums. = asylums took on responsibility for all patients' needs.

Winnicott - Good enough mother, transitional object

Carl Jung - Collective unconscious, archetype, anima, animus

Melanie Klein - Paranoid-schizoid position, depressive position, splitting

Sigmund Freud - Free association, transference, ego, super-ego, id, eros, thanatos, defense mechanisms, oedipus Complex, the unconscious

Wilfred Bion - Basic assumption group

Karen Horney - Womb envy

Siegfried Foulkes - Foundation matrix

Barton - Institutional Neurosis

Which of the following is true regarding information processing? The short term memory is said to hold 15 items The phonological loop describes the structure of long term memory The visuospatial sketchpad is a model of working memory When given a list to remember, people tend to best remember the items in the middle Working memory and short term memory are the same

The visuospatial sketchpad is a model of working memory

A man is keen to stop drinking alcohol but does not want to try antabuse. He is encouraged to imagine a scene in his head every time he wants a drink in which he is drinking alone in his house and crying as his family have all left him due to his alcoholism. This technique is referred to as ``` Chaining Avoidance conditioning Shaping Escape conditioning Covert sensitisation ```

Covert sensitisation This is a technique used whereby someone learns to use mental imagery (hence it's covert) to associate a behaviour with a negative consequence.

What does the utilitarian reject the existence of? ``` Rightness Rights Wrongness Consequence Moral objectivity ```

Rights

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction? ``` Variable interval Random Variable ratio Fixed interval Fixed ratio ```

Variable ratio

It is a recognised fact that psychiatrists are stigmatised due to the fact that they are associated with people with mental health problems. Which term is used to describe this form of stigma? ``` Carer stigma Stigma by proxy Courtesy stigma Professional stigma Linked stigma ```

Courtesy stigma

A psychiatry trainee, who believes they are very intelligent and capable, has failed their college exams over 10 times. He thinks that the exams are poor and that they fail to differentiate between good and bad psychiatrists. Which psychological process has he used to justify his experience? ``` Attitude-discrepant behaviour Cognitive dissonance Hierarchy of needs Need for achievement Hawthorne effect ```

Cognitive dissonance. As he believes in his own capability as a psychiatrist he is forced to conclude that the exams must be the problem. Were he to respect the exams and at the same time believe he was a good psychiatrist he would be left with a considerable cognitive dissonance as the two thoughts conflict.

Which of the following type of power is held by a consultant over a trainee psychiatrist simply by their position of seniority within the organisation? ``` Referent power Legitimate power Expert power Reward power Coercive power ```

Legitimate Legitimate power = The power held by an individual in an organisation

Which of the following is credited with the Law of forgetting ``` Weber Ribot Jost Freud Lange ```

Jost This law states that that if 2 memories are of the same strength but different ages, the older will decay more slowly than the younger.

A rat has learnt that pressing a lever results in a food pellet. When the pellets run out the rat presses the lever several times without getting any pellets and then stops pressing it. Which of the following best describes this observation? ``` Shaping Unconditioned response Positive punishment Extinction Negative reinforcement ```

Extinction

A patient with schizophrenia informs you that a neuropsychologist told him he was impaired on the Hayling Test. He asks you what that means. In which of the following functions would you suggest a deficit? ``` Tendency to jump to conclusions Response inhibition Visuo-spatial sequencing Tendency to black and white thinking Verbal fluency ```

Response inhibition. The Hayling and Brixton tests are designed to assess executive function. The Hayling Sentence Completion Test consists of two sets of 15 sentences each having the last word missing. In the first section the examiner reads each sentence aloud and the participant has to simply complete the sentences, yielding a simple measure of response initiation speed. The second part, the Hayling requires subjects to complete a sentence with a nonsense ending word (and suppress a sensible one), giving measures of response suppression ability and thinking time. It provides a measure of basic task initiation speed as well as performance on a response suppression task. Performance on such tests has been repeatedly associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and dysexecutive symptoms in everyday life. The Brixton Test is a rule detection and rule following task. Impairments on such tasks are commonly demonstrated in individuals with dysexecutive problems.

A man who is speeding through a built up area nearly crashes into a lady and her children who are crossing the road. When he pulls over the lady approaches the car and shouts at him. He is embarrassed by the ladys shouting which serves to remind him to control his speed when driving in future. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning? ``` Negative chaining Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Negative punishment Positive shaping ```

Positive punishment. The ladys shouting (unpleasant stimulus) decreases the likelihood that he will speed again (the behaviour) and is therefore referred to as a punisher. This is not reinforcement as a reinforcer increases the likelihood of the behaviour happening again. The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus (the womans shouting) makes the punisher positive.

A car salesman is paid exclusively by commission on each car he manages to sell. He does not manage to sell a car to every customer he sees. Which type of reinforcement schedule does his pay follow? ``` Random Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio ```

Variable ratio

Which of the following is true regarding 'working memory'? It is a form of implicit memory It is another term used for procedural memory It increases with age during childhood It has a fixed capacity that does not vary between individuals It is fixed and cannot be improved with training

It increases with age during childhood

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Physiological needs are at the top of the hierarchy Safety needs are higher than esteem needs Self actualisation involves the highest form of needs Safety needs must be addressed before physiological needs can be dealt with Self actualisation needs include the needs for financial security

Self actualisation involves the highest form of needs

Which of the following developed the theory of prima facie duties that was influential in determining the four principles of medical ethics? ``` Kant Rawls Ross Hippocrates Aristotle ```

W.D Ross --> prima facie duties = are is obligatory unless overridden or trumped by another duty or duties.

A young man addicted to cannabis visits his GP. His GP advises him to stop using cannabis and the man replies that he really likes smoking it as it makes him feel relaxed. He does however accept that it makes it difficult for him to revise for exams which has been bothering him. According to the stages of change model which stage is he currently at? ``` Action Pre-contemplation Contemplation Maintenance Preparation ```

Contemplation: ambivilance and conflicted thoughts and emotions.

Goffman is most associated with the following terms? ``` Sociogenesis Total Institutions Foundation matrix Antipsychiatry Archetype ```

Total Institutions

A man has a favourite song that reminds him of an old girlfriend. A colleague in his office often sings the song and the man finds himself liking that colleague. This is an example of which of the following? ``` Negative punishment Higher order conditioning Positive reinforcement Stimulus generalisation Extinction ```

Higher order conditioning - This occurs when a new stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when it is paired with an established conditioned stimulus

The Stroop test is designed to identify problems with which of the following? ``` Learning ability Intelligence Self-awareness Attention Anterograde amnesia ```

Attention

Which type of memory is stored without reference to place or time? ``` Episodic memory Haptic memory Semantic memory Nondeclarative memory Explicit memory ```

Nondeclarative memory

A1.1 Basic Psychology PsychMentor Flashcards

(170 cards)