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physics A2 > A2 definitions > Flashcards

A2 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Gravitational potential at a point

A
  • Work done per unit mass
  • Work done in moving unit of mass from infinity to that
    point
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2
Q

Gravitational force

A

Force acting between 2 masses in a gravitational field

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3
Q

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

A

Gravitational force ∝ product of two point masses and 1/∝ the square of separation btw 2 point masses

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4
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

Force per unit mass

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5
Q

Line of gravitational force

A

Direction of force on a small test mass

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6
Q

Field of force / Gravitational field

A

Region of space where a particle experiences a force

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7
Q

Radian

A

Angle subtended at the centre of circle where arc length is equal to radius

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8
Q

Angular frequency (w)

A

Angular frequency = 2π x frequency

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9
Q

Oscillations

A

backward and forward motion btw 2 limits

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10
Q

Damping

A

Loss of energy

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11
Q

Natural frequency of vibration of a system

A

Frequency at which body will vibrate when there is no resultant external resistive force acting on it

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12
Q

Free oscillations

A

Body oscillates without external force acting on it

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13
Q

Forced oscillations

A

Body is made to vibrate by an external periodic force

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14
Q

Displacement of the mass on the spring

A

Distance from a ref point in a given direction

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15
Q

Forced frequency

A

Frequency at which the object is made to vibrate

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16
Q

Weightless

A
  • Gravitational F provides centripetal F.
  • Gravitational F is equal to centripetal F.
  • Weight is the difference btw gravitational F and
    centripetal F, which is zero
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17
Q

Resonance

A

Max amplitude of vibration of oscillating body when forced freq equals to natural freq of vibration

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18
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A
  • Acceleration ∝ displacement from a fixed point
  • provided that acceleration and displacement are in opp
    directions
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19
Q

Specific Latent heat

A

Thermal E per unit mass to change state at constant temp

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20
Q

Specific Latent heat of fusion

A

Thermal E per unit mass to cause change of state btw solid and liquid at constant temperature

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21
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Thermal E per unit mass to raise the temp of a substance by 1°

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22
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

Bodies are at the same temperature

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23
Q

For a system, what is meant by :

  1. +q
  2. +w
A
  1. heat E transferred TO the system

2. external work done ON the system

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24
Q

△U = q + w

  1. △U
  2. +q
  3. +w
A
  1. △U = ↑ in internal energy
  2. +q = heat E transferred TO the system
  3. +w = work done ON the system
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25
T
absolute temperature
26
Avogadro constant, NA
Number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12
27
mole
Amount of substance containing 6.02x1 0^23 particles
28
Mean-square-speed of atoms
29
Ideal gas
- Gas obeys the formula PV/T = constant, at all values of p, V, T. - where p is pressure, V is volume of gas, T is temperature in K
30
Internal Energy of system
Total Ep and Ek of molecules in random distribution
31
Electric Field Strength
Force per unit +ve charge
32
Electric potential at a point
Work done per unit charge. Work done is moving positive charge from infinity to that point
33
Coulomb's Law
Force ∝ product of point CHARGES and 1/∝ to the square of separation btw two point CHARGES
34
Electric field
Region where a charge experiences an electric force
35
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
- Charge per unit potential. - Charge; the amount of charge on 1 plate - Potential; potential difference btw 2 plates
36
Quantisation of charge
Charge exists in discrete and equal quantitites
37
n
number of charge carriers per unit volume
38
Capacitance
charge per unit pd
39
Magnetic flux density
Force per unit current per unit length of wire, where current is normal to magnetic field
40
Magnetic flux linkage
(Magnetic flux density) x (cross-sectional A normal to magnetic flux density) x (number of turns on coil) x sin(angle btw B and A)
41
Magnetic flux
Product of flux density and area where direction of flux is normal to area
42
Tesla
Newton per ampere per metre when magnetic field is normal to current
43
Magnetic field
Region where a current-carrying conductor experiences a force
44
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
Induced emf ∝ rate of △ of magnetic flux linkage
45
Lenz's law
Induced emf acts in such a direction to oppose the △ causing it
46
Smoothing
Output p.d does not fall to zero
47
Ideal transformer
No power loss in transformer
48
Work Function Energy
Min photon E required to remove an e- from a surface with 0 Ek
49
Photon
Quantum of E of electromagnetic radiation
50
Photoelectric effect
Emission of e- when electromagnetic radiation incident on its surface
51
de Broglie wavelength
Particles with a wavelength associated with it, which the wavelength is dependent on its momentum
52
Threshold frequency
Min freq of electromagnetic radiation for the emission of e- from a surface
53
Mass defect of a nucleus
Difference btw mass of nucleus and mass of constituent nucleus where nucleons are separated to infinity
54
Random
Time at which a nucleus decays cannot be predicted
55
Spontaneous
Decay of a nucleus is not affected by environmental factors
56
Binding energy per nucleus
Min E required to separate the nucleons to infinity
57
Nuclear binding energy
Min E required to separate nucleons in a nucleus to infinity
58
Random decay
Decay is unpredictable
59
Decay constant
Probability of decay of a nucleus per uni time
60
Nuclear fission
- A single large nucleus divides to form small nuclei. | - Fission is initiated by neutron bombardment
61
Nuclear fusion
- Two nuclei combine to form a single nucleus | - Fusion is initiated by very high temperatures
62
Radioactive decay
Unstable nucleus emits particles spontaneously and particles are ionising
63
Radioactive
Unstable nucleus emits ionising radiation sponstaneously
64
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element w the same no. of protons ut different no. of neutrons
65
Gamma radiation
Photons of electromagnetic radiation emitted from nuclei
66
Nucleus
Small central part of an atome
67
Nucleon
Proton and neutron contained within a nucleus
68
Attenuation
Loss of intensity of the wave
69
Geostationary orbit
Equatorial orbit above the equator where satellite moves from west to east and has period of 24 hours
70
Geostationary satellite
Satellite is in equatorial orbit traveling from west to east with period of 24 hours
71
Specific acoustic impedance
Product of density of medium and speed of ultrasound in medium
72
Hardness of X-ray beam
Penetration of beam. | Greater hardness means great penetration
73
α
Ratio of reflected intensity / incident intensity
74
Z2 and Z1
Specific acoustic impedances of media on each side of the boundary
75
Sharpness
Clarity of resolution of images
76
Contrast
Difference in degree of blackening btw structures
77
Linear absorption coefficient
- Parallel beam in matter. - I = I0 exp(-µx) - Where I is intensity transmitted, I0 is initial intensity, µ is attenuation coefficient of the material, and x is thickness of material
78
Radioactive half life
- Time for the no. of atoms / activity to be reduced to one half of the original value
79
radiant flux density
radiant power passing normally thru a SA per unit area

physics A2 (3 decks)

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