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HLC A > A2 Fertility and family planning > Flashcards

A2 Fertility and family planning Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what is person-centred care?

A
  • it is about focusing care on the need of individuals
  • ensuring that people’s preferences, needs and values guide clinical decisions and providing care that is respectful of and responsible to them
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2
Q

what is infertility?

A

when a couple cannot get pregnant (conceive) despite having regular unprotected sex

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3
Q

causes of infertility

A
  • lack of regular ovulation (often due to PCOS)
  • poor quality semen or lack of sperm
  • blocked / damaged fallopian tubes
  • endometriosis
  • side effects of medication (eg. chemotherapy)
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4
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

tissue behaves like lining of womb which is outside of the womb which causes mixed signalling

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5
Q

risk factors for infertility

A
  • age
  • weight
  • STIs
  • smoking (including passive smoking)
  • alcohol
  • stress
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6
Q

how is age a risk factor for infertility?

A

fertility declines with age

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7
Q

how is weight a risk factor for infertility?

A

ovulation can be affected if overweight/obese or severely underweight

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8
Q

how is smoking a risk factor for infertility?

A

can reduce sperm quality

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9
Q

how is stress a risk factor for infertility?

A
  • loss of sex drive
  • can affect ovation / sperm production
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10
Q

potential general treatment options for infertility

A
  • medicines
  • surgical procedures
  • assisted conception
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11
Q

state 3 medicines that are potential treatment options for infertility

A

clomifene
tamoxifen
metformin

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12
Q

explain how clomifene helps with infertility

A

encourages ovulation

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13
Q

explain how tamoxifen helps with infertility

A

used for ovulation problems

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14
Q

explain how metformin helps with infertility

A

usually used for type 2 diabetes but beneficial in PCOS

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15
Q

state 2 surgical procedures that can help with infertility

A
  • fallopian tubes unblocked
  • laparoscopy for endometriosis
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16
Q

state 2 methods for assisted conception that help with infertility

A
  • intrauterine insemination
  • IVF
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17
Q

support available for infertility

A
  • patient’s GP practice
  • British Fertility Society
  • Fertility Network UK
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18
Q

what is a miscarriage?

A

the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks

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19
Q

what is a stillbirth?

A

when a baby is born dead after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy

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20
Q

why are dopamine agonists sometimes used after a miscarriage or stillbirth? give an example

A
  • stop breast milk production
  • eg. bromocriptine
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21
Q

what sources could you direct a patient to if they have suffered a miscarriage or stillbirth?

A
  • Tommy’s Baby Loss Support
  • refer patient / partner to appointment with GP if struggling to cope
  • The Miscarriage Association
  • Cruse Bereavement Care
  • SANDS
  • local hospices
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22
Q

state some methods of support for LGBTQ+ communities that are wanting to conceive

A
  • donor insemination
  • IUI (intrauterine insemination)
  • surrogacy
  • adoption or fostering
  • co-parenting
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23
Q

what kind of variety of foods should pharmacist’s advise pregnant women to be eating?

A
  • plenty of fruit and veg
  • carbs
  • proteins
  • dairy
  • plenty of fibre

foods high in:
iron
calcium
folic acid
vitamin D

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24
Q

carbohydrate-rich foods

Study These Flashcards
A

bread
noodles
pasta
crackers
cereals
rice
potatoes
quinoa
bananas

25
protein-rich foods
eggs chicken lentils cottage cheese tofu nuts quinoa chickpeas pulses lean meats
26
dairy foods
- milk - yoghurt - cheese - cream - butter
27
foods high in fibre
pulses fruit and veg beans oats
28
foods high in iron
red meat pulses dried fruit green veg fortified cereals
29
foods high in calcium
milk cheese yoghurt
30
foods high in folic acid
green veg brown rice fortified cereals
31
foods high in vitamin D
oily fish eggs fortified cereals margarine
32
what is the Government Healthy Start Scheme?
for mothers on benefits or under 18 to receive vouchers in order to eat a healthier diet to get the nutrients they require during pregnancy
33
what general food groups should pregnant women avoid?
- foods rich in vitamin A - foods which may have high levels of listeria - foods which may have high levels of salmonella
34
foods rich in vitamin A
- liver and liver products such as liver pate and cod liver oil supplements - vitamin tablets or supplements which contain vitamin A (take pregnancy specific supplements)
35
foods which may have high levels of listeria
- pate - mould-ripened and soft cheese (eg. brie, camembert, blue-veined cheeses) - raw shellfish and raw fish - unpasteurised milk
36
foods which may have high levels of salmonella
- raw or partially cooked eggs - raw or partially cooked meat, especially poultry
37
caffeine limit in pregnancy
200 mg/day 2 cups of instant coffee a day
38
alcohol consumption in pregnancy
- no safe level to drink during pregnancy - can cause damage to developing baby - can cross through placenta and baby cannot process alcohol
39
symptoms of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
- growth retardation - developmental defects - facial abnormalities - learning and behavioural disorders
40
describe foetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- severity and nature linked to amount drunk and developmental stage of foetus at the time - include physical and mental disorders
41
what are the risks of continuing smoking during pregnancy?
low birth weight pre-term baby stillbirth
42
can passive smoking be harmful to pregnant women?
- yes - should be considered if the partner or anyone surrounding the pregnant women smokes too
43
what support with smoking cessation should pharmacists give to pregnant women?
- given advice on how to stop - referred to anti-smoking resources - advised that nicotine replacement therapy should not be used but is better than carrying on smoking
44
why is nicotine replacement therapy better than smoking in pregnant women?
- less nicotine reaches foetus - foetus isn't exposed to all the other nasty things that are in cigarettes
45
state which nutritional supplements should and should not be used in pregnancy
- vitamin D should be taken throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding - vitamin A should NOT be taken - iron should NOT be routinely be offered
46
how much vitamin D supplement should be taken daily and why?
- 10 micrograms daily throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding - pregnant women are at risk of vitamin D deficiency
47
what types of people are especially at risk of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy?
- people with darker skin (eg. south asian, African, Caribbean) - people who remain covered throughout the day - people who do not get outside in the sun very much
48
how much folic acid should be taken by pregnant women and when during their pregnancy?
- 400 micrograms per day - ideally 4 weeks before conception and throughout the first 12 weeks of pregnancy
49
what can cause increased risk of having a child with a spinal cord problem?
- women who have previously had a baby with a neural tube defect - woman or partner have a spinal cord defect - on anti epileptic medicines - diabetic - sickle-cell disease - obese - coeliac disease - thalassaemia
50
what BMI is considered for someone to be obese?
30 or higher
51
what is the normal dose of folic acid and the dose for higher risk women?
normal dose: 400 micrograms higher risk dose: 5 mg
52
can folic acid be bought OTC? give dose details
400 microgram dose can be bought OTC but 5 mg dose can't
53
what should you advise pregnant women on regarding herbal remedies? why?
- advise them NOT to take any herbal remedies - they are unlicensed products and there is little or no info on their safety immediately before or during pregnancy - not safer than conventional medicines like many patients assume
54
why are herbal remedies not safer than conventional medicines like many people assume?
- concentrations will vary - may be contaminated
55
what types of exercises should pregnant women do?
mix of aerobic (heart rate raising) and muscle-strengthening physical activity
56
how much exercise is recommended each day for pregnant women?
minimum of 30 minutes
57
what advise should be given to pregnant women about exercise other than the amount and type they should be doing?
- don't lie flat on the back for long periods of time after 16 weeks because the bump can put pressure on blood vessels taking blood to the heart and this can cause feeling faint - don't take part ion contact sports or scuba diving (baby has no protection against depth compression)
58
benefits of exercise in pregnancy
- maintains healthy weight - improve sleep - reduce likelihood of developing varicose veins - reduce swelling of feet, ankles or hands - improve mood - prevent back pain
59

HLC A (5 decks)

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