Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HLC A > A3-A4 Common paediatric conditions > Flashcards

A3-A4 Common paediatric conditions Flashcards

(161 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

age window of a neonate

A

less than 28 days old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

age window of an infant

A

1 month to 1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

age window of a child

A

1-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

age window of an adolescent

A

12-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when does a baby have to be born to be considered premature?

A

before 37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do paediatric patient differ in communication to adults?

A
  • babies and young children can’t explain pain
  • teens may be embarrassed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what must be considered in regards to formulations for children?

A

dose availability (consider strengths)
palatability
excipients (are they safe for the age?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

with children, what can get in the way of their adherence to medication?

A
  • spit out, refuse, taken with interacting food, concealment
  • time constraints of busy household
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are red flags?

A
  • warning signs indicating a more serious condition
  • will usually need referral or special consideration
  • can be general or specific
  • raise suspicions of something more severe going on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what ages do vaccinations occur from and to in childhood?

A

from 8 weeks to 14 years (boosters later in life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the pharmacist’s roles surrounding vaccinations?

A
  • promotion of vaccination
  • advice on missed vaccinations
  • answering queries / concerns / signposting
  • post-immunisation care (advice and antipyretics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when can febrile convulsions occur?

A
  • when a child has a high temp, maybe after a vaccination
  • potentially during an illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a pharmacist’s role if a patient has had febrile seizures?

A
  • direct parents to NHS website for useful info
  • reassure
  • ALWAYS refer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which vaccination has a particularly high risk of high temperature and therefore febrile convulsions? how can this risk be lowered?

A
  • meningitis B vaccine
  • given with a dose of paracetamol because the risk of temperature increase is so high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is RSV? is it serious? when do symptoms occur?

A
  • common cause of coughs and cold in small children after vaccinations
  • not usually serious and normally gets better by itself in 1-2 weeks
  • symptoms starts 4-6 days after a vaccination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

state the mild symptoms of RSV in most children

A
  • runny nose
  • sneezing
  • fever
  • wheezing (can be distressing for children and parents)
  • cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what may the symptoms for RSV be in very young infants?

A
  • irritability
  • decreased activity
  • breathing difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what patients may be at higher risk of serious illness from RSV?

A
  • babies under 6 months
  • young children born prematurely
  • immunocompromised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the most common complication of RSV?

A

bronchiolitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what hygiene measures can be taken to prevent / reduce RSV?

A
  • hand washing
  • cleaning / disinfection
  • use a tissue!
  • don’t touch face / mouth / nose
  • stay at home if unwell (don’t send kids to school!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

runny nose
wheezing
persistent cough
reduced feeding
difficulty breathing eg. nasal flaring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

community pharmacy treatment for bronchiolitis

A
  • nasal saline drops
  • paracetamol / ibuprofen (product license and age should be considered)
  • non-pharmacological advice: keep upright and take on fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hospital role in treatment of bronchiolitis

A
  • less than 3 months paracetamol if required
  • oxygen support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

red flags of bronchiolitis

A

cyanosed
tracheal tug
exhaustion
parental concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the risk of infants getting reflux and what may cause higher risk?
- reflux is very common (around 40% of infants) - higher risk if premature or complex neuro-disabilities
26
what could reflux in infants be a sign of?
CMPA (cows' milk protein allergy)
27
what is some non-pharmacological advice you could give to parents to help with reflux of their infant?
feed upright smaller and more frequent feeds
28
what are some OTC options that can be given for reflux in infants?
- thickener to mix with feeds - Gaviscon sachets
29
what is an example of thickener that could be used to thicken feeds for infants struggling with reflux?
carobel
30
what can GPs prescribe for infants suffering with reflux? give an example
- protein pump inhibitor - eg. omeprazole
31
what are some red flags to look for in infants with reflux?
failure to thrive chronic cough refusing feeds choking
32
what is colic?
- when a baby cries a lot for no obvious reason but they are otherwise healthy - more than 3 hours a day, 3 days a week for at least a week
33
when does colic usually get better by in infants?
by 3-4 months old
34
what is the helpline you can refer parents to if their baby has colic and when is it open? why is this helpful?
- Cry-sis helpline (7 days a week, 9am-10pm) - helpful for parents with crying and / or sleepless babies - colic can be very distressing for both parent and baby and is very common
35
common symptoms of colic other than crying
- hard to soothe or settle baby - clenched fists - they go red in the face - bring their knees up to their tummy or arch their back - their tummy rumbles or they are very windy
36
what can a pharmacist do / recommend for colic?
- reassure parent - cuddle or hold the baby, rocking may help - hold the baby upright when feeding and wind them after - hold the baby upright when cuddling (on shoulder) - warm bath - white noise - feed as normal
37
what products have no evidence as to whether they work to help with colic?
no evidence that colic drops / products help
38
when should a parent seek medical attention in regard to their baby having colic?
- high-pitched cry or cry sounding different to normal - they are struggling to cope - nothing seems to work - baby is over 4 months old
39
how common is constipation in infants?
- common - 8% of infants - boys affected more commonly than girls
40
what are some causes of constipation in young children?
- insufficient dietary fibre and fluid intake - stresses of 'toilet training'
41
non-pharmacological management of constipation
diet fluid good toilet hygiene
42
what OTC laxatives are used for children suffering with constipation?
- 1st line osmotic (eg. Laxido / Movicol) - some children may also use lactulose
43
other than OTC laxative treatments and non-pharmacological advice, what else may be needed to help children suffering with constipation?
- dis-impaction regime - this means to give a large quantity of laxatives all at once to 'clear out' the backlog of poo
44
red flags to look out for in children with constipation
- persistent symptoms - severe abdominal pain - distended abdomen (swollen) - blood in stool or rectal bleeding
45
causes of diarrhoea in young children
- viral - change in diet - contaminated / undercooked food - medication (eg. antibiotics) - children put things in their mouths
46
what things must be considered in terms of causes if a young child is suffering from diarrhoea?
- any recent travel? - regular medications - rotavirus vaccine at 8 weeks old can cause diarrhoea as can having rotavirus itself
47
management for diarrhoea in young children
- oral rehydration solution - eg. Dioralyte sachets
48
what oral medication is not licensed to treat diarrhoea in young children?
- Loperamide - not licensed under 12 years OTC
49
what treatment may hospitals use if a young child presents with diarrhoea?
- IV fluids to combat dehydration - other medication
50
what advice can a pharmacist give to a parent with a young child presenting with diarrhoea?
- lots of fluids - hygiene measures - don't make formula weaker, feed as normal (could give smaller feeds less often if vomiting - only as a very temporary measure) - stay away from childcare / school until 48 hours after last symptoms
51
red flags to look for in young children with diarrhoea
- less than 6 months of age - more than 6 months of age lasting for more than 48 hours - unable to tolerate ORS (oral rehydration solution) - pain - blood or mucus - signs of dehydration
52
when does teething typically start in children?
- around 6 months of age - may be earlier or later
53
symptoms of teething in young children
- sore, red gums - mild temperature of less than 38 degrees C - 1 flushed cheek - rash on face (may be caused by excess dribbling) - dribbling more than usual - wipe gently and regularly if possible - gnawing and chewing on things a lot (toys, hands etc.) - more fretful than usual (anxious, grumpy, hard to settle) - not sleeping very well
54
what can a pharmacist recommend for young children that are teething?
- teething rings / toys - if over 6 months and weaning, can give them healthy things to chew on - teething gels - homeopathic products - analgesics (paracetamol or ibuprofen)
55
what can be done to teething rings / toys to help soothe gums?
- they can be chilled in the fridge - do not freeze them!
56
what healthy things can be given to young children that are over 6 months and weaning to chew on when teething?
- raw fruit - raw veg - soft fruits like melon can soothe gums
57
explain why teething gels are not currently our go-to treatment for young children that are teething
- lack of evidence - non-pharmacological methods should be used first - age suitability should be checked - not currently recommended
58
give an example of a homeopathic product that can be used for teething in young children and state what must be done before recommending them
- eg. teething powders - check they are licensed - no evidence that they work
59
symptoms of coughs, colds and ear infections in young children
- similar to adults - runny nose - sneezing - cough - fever
60
what do treatments for colds or coughs in young children depend on?
symptoms and age
61
what treatment for colds in young children is safe from birth and what does it help to do?
- saline nasal drops safe from birth - relieve nasal congestion - improve feeding in babies
62
what can be used for fever caused by colds or coughs in young children?
ibuprofen or paracetamol depending on WWHAM
63
what can be good for symptomatic relief of coughs in young children? what must be checked before these are recommended?
- cough medications (eg. syrup) to soothe - age must be checked first
64
what aged children cannot use decongestants and what type?
no decongestants under 6 years (oral or nasal drops)
65
what are some non-pharmacological treatments for coughs or colds in young children?
- mentholated products (check age suitability) - suction devices - be more upright when sleeping
66
what must be looked out for in children with coughs or colds?
- croup - distinctive barking cough - make a harsh sound (stridor) when breathing in - may also have runny nose, sore throat and high temperature - REFER depending on symptoms (GP, 999 or A&E)
67
what can ear infections in young children be associated with?
a cold
68
what treatments can be used for ear infections in young children?
- paracetamol or ibuprofen (only advised by HCP) - no drops
69
what are ear infections in young children usually caused by?
usually viral
70
how can Pharmacy First be used for ear infections in young children?
pharmacists can assess children to see if antibiotics are indicated
71
what age can hay fever present at in children?
any age
72
what is hay fever?
- allergy to pollen - different types of pollen affect different people
73
symptoms of hay fever
- runny and / or itchy nose - itchy, runny or red eyes - sneezing
74
what OTC treatments are there for hay fever? (these are age dependent)
- eye drops (sodium cromoglicate 2%) - nasal drops (saline) - oral (chlorphenamine, cetirizine)
75
red flags to look out for in young children with hay fever
- failed OTC treatment - short of breath / wheeze - pain in head, ear, sinuses - less than 2 years old
76
symptoms of atopic eczema
- red, itchy skin creases - dry skin
77
who can initially diagnose atopic eczema?
GP
78
non-pharmacological advice for management of eczema
- emollients and soap substitutes (soap can be quite drying on the skin) - prescribed or purchased
79
what must be considered before giving someone with atopic eczema topical steroids?
- age / usage restrictions (eg. never to be used on the face) - side effects
80
red flags to look out for in children with eczema
- signs of infection - no response after 7 days of steroid
81
what age of children is head lice common in?
primary school age children
82
are head lice harmful?
no, they are harmless
83
symptoms of head lice
- head scratching - visible lice
84
non-pharmacological management of head lice in children
- reassure children that it is not a sign of poor hygiene - keep hair short or tied back - wet combing
85
pharmacological treatment of head lice
- OTC products available
86
red flags to look out for in young children with head lice
less than 6 months old
87
symptoms of threadworm in young children
- itching around anus - worst at night - sometimes visible in faeces
88
is threadworm rare or common in young children?
very common
89
non-pharmacological advice for threadworm in young children
- hand washing - strict hygiene
90
pharmacological advice for threadworm in young children
OTC products eg. mebendazole
91
red flags to look out for in young children with threadworm
- weight loss - persistent stomach ache after 2 weeks - persistent symptoms after 2 weeks of treatment
92
what is tonsillitis?
- infection of the tonsils (back of the throat)
93
what is the average age for tonsillitis to occur?
5-15 years
94
signs and symptoms of tonsillitis
- sore throat / pain on swallowing - raised temperature - difficulty eating (and drinking)
95
red flags to look out for in children with tonsillitis
- severe symptoms - difficulty swallowing - ongoing pain / inflammation despite analgesia (more than 4 days) - no improvement within 48 hours of antibiotics if given - unable to tolerate oral fluids
96
management methods of tonsillitis
- analgesia - fluids - rest - antibiotics (if signs of bacterial tonsillitis) - tonsillectomy if recurrent
97
what should children NOT do to treat tonsillitis?
gargle with warm salt water
98
what analgesics can be used in children with tonsillitis?
- paracetamol or ibuprofen - NOT aspirin in anyone under 16 - topical sprays
99
what is meningitis?
the infection of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord
100
101
general symptoms of meningitis in children
fever headache cold hands and feet vomiting confusion rapid breathing pale, mottled or blotchy skin rash aches and pains
102
extra symptoms (along with the general ones) for babies with meningitis
- refuse feeds - be irritable - have a high-pitched cry - have a stiff body or be floppy or unresponsive - have a bulging soft spot on the top of their head
103
what may happen if meningitis is considered a medical emergency?
- urgent referral of suspected cases - will require hospital diagnosis and management - may be given antibiotics if bacterial meningitis suspected BEFORE confirmation - treatment is with high dose antibiotics
104
which strains of meningitis are in the UK vaccination schedule and at what age?
- meningitis B: 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 1 year - ACWY: 14 years
105
red flags to look out for in children with meningitis
- confusion - tachypnoea - muscle and joint pain - stiff neck - pale, mottled or blotchy skin - non-blanching rash - photophobia
106
what is type 1 diabetes?
- autoimmune condition with unknown cause - insufficient insulin produced resulting in an accumulation of glucose in blood - life long condition
107
average age of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
13 years
108
long term complications of type 1 diabetes
neuropathy retinopathy nephropathy
109
symptoms of type 1 diabetes
- polydipsia (being thirsty) - polyuria (weeing more) - weight loss - fatigue
110
red flags to look for in children that may have type 1 diabetes
4Ts - toilet - tired - thirsty - thinner
111
management of type 1 diabetes in children
- patient education - monitoring blood sugars - insulin - subcutaneous injections
112
what is a risk with children that have type 1 diabetes surrounding adherence?
- risk of poor compliance - particularly in adolescents / young adults due to embarrassment
113
how can blood sugars be monitored in children with type 1 diabetes?
- finger prick test - continuous glucose monitoring - flash glucose monitoring
114
what is the ideal blood glucose level in those with type 1 diabetes?
4-7 mmol/L
115
pharmacist roles for children with type 1 diabetes
- ensuring supply of medication - support with equipment - practical advice - signposting and advice - supporting lifestyle modifications - identification of complications - appropriate referral
116
explain the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of ensuring supply of medication
- managing shortages - keeping adequate stock (insulin is kept in the fridge)
117
explain the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of supporting them with equipment
- patient counselling on use - advice around waste disposal
118
give an example of the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of giving practical advice
eg. for travelling with medicines such as insulin
119
explain the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of signposting and advice
support organisations and reputable sources
120
explain the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of supporting lifestyle modifications
- diet advice - exercise - smoking / vaping in older children?
121
explain the pharmacist role for children with type 1 diabetes of identifying complications
hyperglycaemia hypoglycaemia
122
what is acne?
- common skin condition - can affect adolescents through all of adulthood but most common in teenagers (based on hormonal changes)
123
describe the presentation of acne
- open and closed comedones (spots) - papules, pustules and nodules (resulting from ruptured comedones) - mild, moderate or severe
124
what areas are commonly affected by acne?
- face (affects almost everyone with acne) - back (affects more than half of people with acne) - chest (affects about 15% of people with acne)
125
aims of acne treatment and advice
- heal existing lesions and prevent occurrence of new lesions - prevent scarring - relieve psychological distress (improve self esteem) - reassurance - signpost for support
126
OTC management of acne
- topical agents - can bleach clothing or bedding, can cause skin irritation
127
example of OTC topical agent that can be used to manage acne
benzoyl peroxide
128
self help advice for acne
- wash affected areas of skin twice a day maximum - use mild soap or cleanser and lukewarm water - do not squeeze blackheads or spots - avoid make-up, skincare and sincere products that are oil-based - completely remove makeup before bed - use water-based fragrance-free emollient for dry skin - regular exercise - shower asap after exercise - wash hair regularly
129
POM management for acne
- oral antibiotics - oral isotretinoin (specialist use)
130
example of an oral POM antibiotic that can be used for acne
a tetracycline
131
red flags to look out for in those with acne
- severe acne - OTC treatment failure - concerns regarding mental health / psychological condition
132
what are inflammatory bowel disorders and when may they present in life?
- life-long autoimmune conditions, cause not fully understood - may present in later teenage years (15 and over)
133
what are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders and what areas of the GIT do they affect?
- Crohn's disease (anywhere from mouth to anus) - Ulcerative Colitis (large intestine only)
134
red flags / symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease
- symptoms are all the red flags below, if persistent - abdominal pain - abdominal bloating - bloody diarrhoea - unexplained weight loss - extreme tiredness - anaemia
135
management of inflammatory bowel disease
- diagnosed and treatment initiated by hospital - aim to initiate remission - maintenance therapy - flare-ups (may require inpatient stay with similar treatment as initiation)
136
community pharmacy responsibilities for treating and managing inflammatory bowel disorders
- ensuring supplies of medication - supporting patients and their families - OTC advice - patient counselling on medications - adherence - looking out for adverse drug reactions - addressing concerns - signposting - appropriate referral
137
what is CAMHS?
children and adolescent mental health service
138
what mental disorders have pathways and guidance provided by NICE on them?
- anti-social behaviour and conduct disorder in children and young people - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - depression and anxiety - psychosis and schizophrenia - eating disorders
139
what age is the development of an eating disorder most likely?
13-17
140
what age and gender of people are mental health problems most prevalent in?
17-19 year olds girls
141
high risk groups of having ADHD
- children who were premature - epilepsy - family history - mood disorder - neurodevelopmental disorders
142
symptoms of ADHD
hyperactivity impulsiveness inability to focus on a task
143
who can make an ADHD diagnosis and what are these based on?
- only by a specialist psychiatrist or paediatrician - based on lots of different factors
144
how can the education system be used as a management for ADHD?
- educate patients and family on how this will impact their life - at school, socially and adult life
145
non-pharmacological advice for ADHD
- ADHD-focused group parent-training programme - CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)
146
pharmacological treatments for ADHD
- medication - commonly use controlled drugs
147
risk factors for depression
- 'single recent undesirable life event' (recent trauma) - family history - previous diagnosis of depression or mood disorder - looked after children (in care) or those known to local safeguarding teams
148
symptoms of depression
- irritable or grumpy / on edge - no longer interested in things they used to enjoy - tired / exhausted / sleeping more than usual - trouble sleeping - loss of confidence - problem behaviour (particularly in older children)
149
describe management of depression in young people, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods
- managed by CAHMS - non-pharmacological: CBT, healthy lifestyle, family support - pharmacological: first line therapy is SSRI
150
what role do pharmacists have to play regarding eating disorders in young people?
- recognising symptoms and signposting - diagnosis only done by a specialist - managed in community where possible
151
describe bulimia and binge eating including symptoms and what must happen after diagnosis
- not always associated with weight loss, harder to identify 'as an outsider' - change in behaviour related to shame - require specialist support after diagnosis
152
describe, generally, what age group is affected by ARFID as opposed to other eating disorders
much younger age group
153
signs of ARFID
- picky eating - lack of interest - only eat certain foods - associated weight loss
154
risk factors for ARFID
- OCD - ASD (autistic spectrum disorder) - anxiety - ADHD
155
management of ARFID
- vitamin / mineral correction - CBT - speech and language therapy (SLT)
156
highest risk age group of anorexia nervosa
13-17, males and females
157
signs of anorexia nervosa
- low or very low BMI - rapid weight loss - social withdrawal - dieting / restrictive eating - physical signs of malnutrition - laxative misuse
158
specialist and hospital management of anorexia nervosa
- specialist care (work towards gaining and maintaining healthy weight) - inpatient admission if a nasogastric tube is needed for calorie intake or electrolyte monitoring
159
non-pharmacological management of anorexia nervosa
main emphasis on family therapy or individual CBT
160
pharmacological management of anorexia nervosa
- vitamin / mineral support to prevent re-feeding - bone protection (eg. calcium and vitamin D supplement)
161
what should not be a pharmacological management strategy for anorexia nervosa in under 18s?
medications such as antidepressants are not routinely offered to under 18s and should NEVER be used on their own

HLC A (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions