A2 Sport Psychology Flashcards
(335 cards)
1
Q
What is personality?
A
The individual, unique characteristics of a person
2
Q
What are the characteristics of personality?
A
- psychological and behavioural characteristics
- how stable and enduring those characteristics are
- factors that determine the individuals patterns of behaviour
3
Q
What are the 3 theories of behaviour?
A
- trait theory
- social learning theory
- interactionist approach
4
Q
What is the equation for trait theory?
A
B = f(P)
5
Q
What does trait theory suggest?
A
- you are born with innate personality characteristics
- these characteristics are stable enduring and consistent
6
Q
Is trait theory nature or nurture?
A
Nature
7
Q
What is an example of trait theory?
A
A netballer who is calm will be calm in every situation
8
Q
What is the equation for social learning theory?
A
B = f(E)
9
Q
What is suggested by social learning theory?
A
- personality characteristics are learnt from the environment and experiences
- observe identify reinforce copy
10
Q
How does learning occur according to social learning theory?
A
Through socialisation
11
Q
What increases the likelihood of social learning occurring?
A
- model is reinforced
- the model is someone we admire or identify with
12
Q
Is the social learning theory nature or nurture?
A
Nurture
13
Q
What is suggested by the interactionist approach?
A
- we are born with certain personality characteristics that can be modified by experiences
14
Q
What are the 2 theories within the interactionist approach?
A
- Lewin’s formula
- Hollander’s model
15
Q
What is Lewin’s model?
A
- B = f(PE)
- best friends in PE
16
Q
What is an sporting example of Lewin’s formula?
A
A gymnast may be introverted but extroverted infront of judges
17
Q
What is Hollander’s model?
A
- there are 3 aspects to personality
- psychological core, typical responses, ree related behaviour
18
Q
What is the psychological core?
A
Beliefs, values and attitudes that are fairly permanent
19
Q
What is typical responses?
A
How individuals would usually respond to. situations
20
Q
What is role related behaviour?
A
How individuals respond in specific situations that may not be typical
21
Q
What are characteristics of extroverts?
A
- choose team sports
- likely to be more aggressive
- perform better at high arousal levels
- impatient
22
Q
What are characteristics of introverts?
A
- individual sports
- self/intrinsicly motivated
- perform better at lower levels of arousal
- perform more intricate skills
23
Q
What are 4 ways we can use personality to improver performance?
A
- predict an individuals response to a situation and remove them if necessary
- offer advice and feedback to alter behaviour
- create game like scenarios to help them cope with pressure
- give individualised feedback and training
24
Q
What is an attitude?
A
A complex mix of feelings, beliefs and values that causes someone to behave a certain way towards something
25
What is an attitude object?
A person/event/behaviour towards which a person has an attitude
26
What is a prejudice?
Preformed opinion of someone based on irrational stereotypical views
27
What are social norms?
A rule/standard of behaviour that is enforced by society
28
What is meant by attitude formation?
Trying to develop positive attitudes as it leads to positive behaviour that is socially valued
29
What are 5 ways affecting attitude formation?
- previous experiences
- peers
- positive reinforcement
- socialisation
- familiarity
30
How does previous experiences affect attitude formation and an example?
- success creates positive emotions which forms positive attitudes
- e.g. winning matches will increase confidence so have more positive attitude
- failure creates negative emotions which forms negative attitudes
- e.g. losing may lead to low self confidence so will have a negative attitude to future events
31
How do peers affect attitude formation?
- if people around you have a positive attitude you are more likely to have a positive attitude and vice versa
32
How does conditioning affect attitude formation?
- positive reinforcement will encourage a positive attitude
33
How does socialisation affect attitude formation?
- observing the attitudes of role models and copying them
34
How does familiarity affect attitude formation?
- the more you experience an attitude object the more likely you are to have a positive attitude towards it
35
What is the triadic model showing?
The components of an attitude
36
What are the components of an attitude?
- cognitive
- affective
- behavioural
37
What is the cognitive component and an example?
- thoughts and beliefs
- e.g. I think I can be a successful footballer
38
What is the affective component and an example?
- emotions and feelings
- e.g. I enjoy football and feel happy when playing
39
What is the behavioural component and an example?
- actions and responses
- e.g. I go to training 4 times a week and always try my best
40
Can the triadic model be used to predict behaviour and why?
- no
- someone who has a positive cognitive and affective component may have a negative component so it doesn’t match
41
What are the methods to change attitudes?
- ensure positive successful experiences
- praise positive attitudes/behaviour
- use positive role models
- persuasive communication
- cognitive dissonance
42
What is persuasive communication?
- persuader must have a high status, be of a similar background and be credible
- message must be accurate, clear and appeal to the listener
- the receiver must be willing to change their attitude
43
What is cognitive dissonance?
- generate unease in the individual by changing one or more of the negative components into positive ones
- makes the individual more willing to change their attitude to a positive one
44
What is arousal?
General state of preparedness for activity
45
What are characteristics of underarousal?
- lethargic
- bored
- fatigued
46
What are characteristics of overarousal?
- anxiety
- loss of concentration
- fear/anger
- aggression
47
What are characteristics of optimal arousal?
- heart and breathing rate sufficiently elevated
- emotion levels are at the optimum
- reaction times are fastest
- able to block out irrelevant stimuli without attentional narrowing
48
What is attentional narrowing?
Fad using on too narrow a range of information and so miss important cues
49
What are 4 effects of somatic arousal?
- increased heart rate
- sweating
- muscles tense
- nausea
50
What are positive effects of cognitive arousal?
- good concentration
- selective attention
- decreased reaction time
51
What are negative effects of cognitive arousal?
- anxiety
- negative self talk
- increased reaction time
- difficulty sleeping
52
What are the 3 theories of arousal?
- drive theory
- inverted U theory
- catastrophe theory
53
What does drive theory suggest?
- as arousal level increases the quality of performance/likelihood of dominant response occurring increases
54
What is the equation for drive theory?
Performance = Habit strength x Drive
55
What is the effect of drive theory on an expert?
As arousal increases performance increases as the dominant response is likely to be the correct one
56
What is the effect of drive theory on a beginner?
As arousal increases performance decreases as the dominant response is likely to be incorrect
57
What does the inverted U theory suggest?
- performance increases as arousal increases until over arousal is reached and performance decreases
58
What is the effect of the inverted U theory on a cognitive learner?
- need lower levels of arousal to reach optimum
59
What is the effect of the inverted U theory on an autonomous learner?
- need higher levels of arousal to reach optimum
60
What level of arousal do gross skills need and why?
Higher as they require more effort
61
What level of arousal do fine skills need and why?
Lower as they need lots of concentration
62
What level of arousal do simple skills and why?
Higher as they are habitual
63
What level of arousal do complex skills need and why?
Low as there are lots of decisions to be made accurately
64
What level of arousal do introverts need and why?
Lower as the have naturally higher levels so only a small increase needed to reach optimum
65
What level of arousal do extroverts need and why?
Higher as they need a large increase to reach optimum
66
What did catastrophe theory suggest?
- performance increases as arousal increases until you are over aroused when there is a rapid drop in performance
- this can be recovered using relaxation techniques
67
When does the catastrophe occur?
When somatic and cognitive arousal are high
68
What is Hanin’s Zone of Optimal Functioning?
- optimal performance is a zone
- it is a mental state experienced by autonomous learners when everything is perfect
69
What are characteristics of the Zone of Optimal Functioning?
- heart/breathing rate sufficiently elevated
- emotional levels are optimum
- blocks out irrelevant stimuli without attentional narrowing
- likely to have peak flow experience
70
What is the peak flow experience?
- ultimate intrinsic experience where a performer is alert to important factors only so performance is effortless and confident
71
What are characteristics of the peak flow experience?
- clear goals
- good concentration
- kinesthesis
- sense of control
72
What are strategies to reach peak flow experience?
- positive attitude
- successful goal setting
- high motivation
- high confidence
73
What are factors inhibiting peak flow experience?
- high pressure
- low confidence
- fatigue
- failure tor each optimal arousal
74
What is anxiety?
Negative aspect of stress where individuals feel worried of possibility of failure
75
What are characteristics of cognitive anxiety?
- negative self talk
- difficulty sleeping
- inability to concentrate
- increased reaction time
76
What are characteristics of somatic anxiety?
- sweating
- muscle tension
- nausea
- increased blood pressure
77
What is competitive state anxiety?
Anxiety felt in a particular sporting situation that varies during performance
78
What is an example of competitive state anxiety?
A footballer may only feel anxious when taking a penalty
79
What is competitive trait anxiety?
An enduring personality trait where individuals feel anxiety in all situations
80
What is an example of competitive trait anxiety?
A netballer may feel anxious for every game
81
What are some causes of anxiety?
- task importance
- fear of failure
- injury
- lack of self confidence
82
What is the link between trait anxiety and arousal?
- people withl high trait anxiety achieve optimal arousal at lower levels
- people with low trait anxiety achieve optimal arousal with higher levels of
83
What are the 3 ways to measure anxiety?
- physiological measures
- observations
- questionnaires
84
What does physiological measures mean?
- performer is wired up to devices such as an ECG to measure somatic effects of anxiety
85
What are the positives of physiological measures?
- factual and objective so comparisons can be made
- can be used during training e.g. smart watch measuring heart rate
86
What are negatives of physiological measures?
- expensive
- exercise produces same physiological responses as anxiety
- being connected to machines may make you anxious
- need training to use devices properly
87
What is meant by observations?
- trained observers looking for symptoms of anxiety
- e.g. increased body movement. shaking and agitation
88
What are positives of observations?
- takes place in real life situation
89
What are negatives of observations?
- behaviour may be artificial if they know they’re being observed
- subjective judgements
- need several observers
- observers must be trained
90
What is meant by questionnaires?
- SCAT (sport competition anxiety test)
- CSAI-2 (competitive state anxiety inventory)
- measure anxiety in specific sporting situations
91
What are positives of questionnaires?
- cheap
- easy to administer
- large numbers can be assessed fast
92
What are weaknesses of questionnaires?
- may lack honesty
- may misunderstand the question
- biased questions may lead to biased results
93
What is aggression?
Behaviour that harms another human that is intentional, deviant, reactive and out of control
94
What is an example of aggression?
Punching someone after they fouled you
95
What is assertion?
Behaviour that may include physical force but is within the rules, without intention to harm and isn’t motivated
96
What are some causes of aggression?
- disagreement with official
- important game
- provocation by opponent
- over arousal
97
What are the 4 theories of aggression?
- instinct theory
- frustration aggression theory
- aggressive cue theory
- social learning
98
What dos instinct theory suggest?
- we all have the natural trait to be aggressive
- expressed when we are provoked enough
- results in cathartic release of emotions and aggression
99
What are the drawbacks of instinct theory?
- doesn’t consider the effects of SLT
- often you don’t experience catharsis
- not all humans are aggressive
99
Who suggested the frustration aggression theory?
Dollard et al
100
What is the frustration aggression theory?
- performer has a goal
- the goal is blocked by an obstacle
- results in frustration and aggression
- if it is punished the aggression builds up
- if it is successful the performer experiences catharsis
101
What are drawbacks of the frustration aggression theory?
- not all individuals demonstrate aggression when frustrated
- people can display aggression without frustration
- no evidence for catharsis
102
What is the aggressive cue theory?
- performer has a goal
- goal is blocked by obstacle
- causes frustration
- increases arousal
- if aggressive cues are present there is a greater likelihood of aggression
- if aggressive cues aren’t present there is a lower likelihood of aggression
103
What is the social learning theory of aggression
- we learn aggressive behaviours by observing role models do it by vicarious experiences
104
What are cognitive methods to control aggression?
- mental rehearsal
- imagery
- visualisation
- positive self talk
105
What are somatic methods to control aggression?
- breathing control
- biofeedback
106
What are ways coaches can control aggression?
- praise non aggressive cues
- highlight non aggressive role models
- punish aggressive behaviours
- highlight responsibilities in the team
107
What are ways officials can control aggression?
- pre warning players
- punish aggressive behaviour
- apply rules fairly and correctly
- consistency with punishments
108
What is motivation?
The will and desire to achieve success
109
What are the factors determining motivation?
- inner drive
- external pressures
110
What is the effect of motivation on learning?
If a performer is motivated to learn they are more likely to stay focused and work hard
111
What factors does motivation influence?
- selection preference for an activity
- task persistence
- effort levels
112
What is the equation involving motivation?
Performance = Capabilities + Motivation
113
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation that comes from within
114
What is an example of intrinsic motivation?
Gaining satisfaction, pride or achievement after completing a skill
115
What are positives of intrinsic motivation?
- long lasting effects
- inner drive is never fully satisfied so the individual is constantly motivated
- performer isn’t reliant on others to motivated them
116
What are weaknesses of intrinsic motivation?
- may be reduced due to a lack of success
117
What is extrinsic motivation?
Use of external rewards
118
What is an example of extrinsic motivation?
Being praised or given a trophy
119
What are the 2 types of extrinsic motivation?
- tangible
- intangible
120
What is tangible extrinsic motivation?
- material rewards that can be seen or held
121
What is an example of tangible extrinsic motivation?
- certificates or trophies
122
What is intangible extrinsic motivation?
Rewards that cannot be physically held
123
What is an example of intangible extrinsic motivation?
- praise, compliments, publicity
124
What are positives of extrinsic motivation?
- provide feedback
- useful in early stages of learning
- useful in simple/boring tasks
125
What are negatives of extrinsic motivation?
- performer may only try for the reward
- leads to loss of intrinsic motivation
- can cause deviant behaviour
126
What aer strategies to improve motivation?
- make the activity fun
- make it competitive
- set goals for individual players
- attribute success internally
- point out health benefits
127
What is achievement motivation?
Level of competitiveness or desire for success
128
What are the 2 types of achievement motivation?
- Nach
- Naf
129
Who developed the 2 types of achievement motivation?
Atkinson
130
What is Nach?
Need to achieve success
131
What behaviour does a Nach performer show?
Approach behaviour
132
What is approach behaviour?
Would rather take part and fail than not take part at all
133
What are characteristics of a Nach performer?
- welcome competition
- take risks
- confident
- task persistence
134
What does Naf mean?
Need to avoid failure
135
What behaviour does a Naf performer show?
Avoidance behaviour
136
What is avoidance behaviour?
The performer would rather not take part than take part and fail
137
What are characteristics of Naf performers?
- give up easily
- avoid challenges
- attribute failure externally
- performer poorly when being evaluated
138
What is Ps?
- probability of success
- how likely they are to be successful
139
What is Is?
- incentive value of success
- what a performer feels they will gain from success
140
What is the relationship between Ps and Is?
- they are inversely proportional
141
What are strategies to develop approach behaviour?
- ensure early success
- show successful role models
- use rewards when showing approach behaviour
- make goals challenging but achievable
142
What is achievement goal theory?
- motivation and task persistence depend on the type of goal set and how that success is measured
143
What is the impact of process goals on motivation and task persistence?
- process goals involve learning to master skills so has a high intrinsic motivation so will have high task persistence
144
What is the impact of outcome goals on motivation and task persistence?
- outcome goals often involve competition which can lead to failure resulting in low motivation and task persistence so select an easier task
145
What is social facilitation?
The positive influence of the presence of others on performance
146
What is social inhibition?
The negative influence others have on performance
147
What is Zajonc’s model?
- suggests the presence of 4 types of others will impact performance
148
What are the 4 types of others?
- audience
- co-actors
- competitive co-actors
- social reinforcers
149
What is the audience?
- passive other
- those watching but not interacting with the performers
- can increase pressure and cause anxiety
150
What is an example of audience?
The TV audience
151
What are co-actors?
- passive others
- those performing the same task but aren’t competing against you
152
What are an example of co-actors?
- badminton player on the next court
153
What are competitive co-actors?
- interactive others
- in direct competition with you
154
What is an example of competitive co-actors?
- member of opposing football team
155
What are social reinforcers?
- interactive others
- those watching with a direct influence
156
What is an example of social reinforcers?
- coach/parents/fans
157
What is the effect of passive others on arousal?
- presence of passive others means they struggle to focus on the task
- leads to internal conflict which increases arousal
158
How do what is the effect of passive others on cognitive learners?
- will be anxious and over aroused when being watched
- causes poor performance and social inhibition
159
What is the effect of passive others on autonomous learners?
- will be motivated and encouraged when being watched
- improved performance leading to social facilitation
160
What is the effect of passive others on simple skills?
- enhance performance as little thought is needed so they aren’t distracted
- social facilitation
161
What is the effect of passive others on complex skills?
- decrease performance as lots of concentration is needed
- social inhibition
162
According to drive theory, what is the effect of passive others on cognitive learners?
- the dominant response is likely to occur as arousal increases
- the dominant response is likely to be incorrect
- social inhibition occurs
163
According to drive theory, what effect do passive others have on autonomous learners?
- dominant response is likely to occur as arousal increases
- the dominant response is likely to correct
- social facilitation
164
What is evaluation apprehension?
- perceived fear of being judged
- it isn’t the presence of people that affects performance but rather what we think people are assessing
165
What are the causes of evaluation apprehension?
- if the audience are knowledgable e.g. scouts
- significant others are present e.g. parents
- if the performer has a low self efficacy
166
What are strategies to prevent social inhibition?
- getting players familiar with playing infront of a crowd
- gradually introducing evaluation
- improve focus and selective attention
- reduce the importance of the event
167
What are the characteristics of a team?
- collective identity
- interaction
- communication
- shared goal/purpose
168
What is meant by a collective identity and an example?
- the team can be easily identified which increases sense of belonging, pride and motivation
- e.g. team kits
169
What is meant by interaction and an example?
- members operate in their own roles successfully and link the ree with others
- e.g. formation in football
170
What is meant by communication and an example?
- verbal or non verbal
- helps the clarity of messages
- e.g. shouting to let others know you are open
171
What is meant by a shared goal/purpose and an example?
- the team share an aim
- e.g. winning the league
172
What is Tuckman’s model of group formation?
- the stages a group goes through which can fail at any stage
173
What is the stages of Tuckman’s model?
- forming
- storming
- norming
- performing
174
What is the forming stage?
- when the group comes together
- begin to understand the task and tackle it
- respect eachother but roles are unclear
175
What is the storming stage?
- period of conflict
- try to establish roles on the group
- cliques/alliances form
- many teams fail here
176
What is the norming stage?
- group starts to agree and accept common rules, goals, values and roles
- group is stable and trust is developed
- group cohesion
177
What is the performing stage?
- group works together to achieve shared goals
- relationships and strategies are well established
- clear leaders that consult everyone
178
What is the later added stage?
- mourning
- team breaks up
- task is complete
179
What is group cohesion?
- tendency of a group to stay together and work together to achieve their goals
180
What increases cohesion?
- when teams share the same goal
181
What are factors affecting group cohesion?
- attractiveness of the group as the more members enjoy being part of the group the more the team enjoys working together
- benefits the individual can gain from being part of the group as if they feel they can gain lots and team goals align with personal goals cohesion increases
182
What are the 2 types of group cohesion?
- task cohesion
- social cohesion
183
What is task cohesion?
- the willingness of the team to work together to achieve a shared goal despite individual differences
184
What is social cohesion?
- the tendency of a group to work together as they get on with eachother and enjoy socialising
185
What type of group cohesion is more important?
Task cohesion
186
What does cohesion lead to?
- increased chance of success
- which leads to further cohesion
187
What are antecedent’s?
- something that must be in place for something else to happen
188
What are is meant by Carron’s antecedents?
- things that must be in place for a group to be cohesive
189
What are Carron’s antecedents?
- personal factors
- environmental factors
- leadership factors
- team factors
190
What is meant by personal factors?
- gender
- goals
- motivations
191
What are environmental factors?
- group size
- location
192
What are leadership factors?
- leadership style
- relationship between leader and team
193
What are team factors?
- ability
- focus
- desire for success
194
What are factors affecting group performance?
- cooperation
- coordination
195
What is cooperation?
Helping eachother achieve goals
196
What is coordination?
Tactics, timing, team awareness
197
What are the 2 types of groups?
- interactive groups
- coactive groups
198
What is an interactive group and an example?
- team mates work together directly to succeed
- e.g. football
199
Are cooperation and coordination essential in an interactive group?
Yes
200
What is a coactive group and an example?
- team mates try to achieve their same goal but there is little interaction
- e.g. relay race
201
What does Steiner’s model of group effectiveness suggest?
- an effective group uses the strengths of each individual for the benefit of the team
202
What is the equation on Steiner’s model?
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
203
What are the faulty processes?
- coordination and motivation problems
204
What are coordination problems?
- occurs when there should be a high level of interactions but some members aren’t doing their part
- has a negative effect on performance
205
What are motivation problems?
- individual work less hard in a group than on their own
- due to Ringlemann effect or social loafing
- has a negative effect on performances
206
What is the Ringlemann effect?
- as group size increases individual effort decreases
207
What is social loafing?
- individual effort decreases as group size increases as the individual feels efforts are less valued and noticeable
208
What are ways to overcome coordination losses?
- use drills that develop interactive play e.g. set plays and drills
- ensure all members are clear about roles in the group and how they relate to eachother
209
What are some ways to overcome motivational losses?
- recognise individual contribution e.g. performance analysis
- develop motivation through rewards
- bring awareness to performers when social loafing may occur
- develop task cohesion by ensuring everyone is clear on team goals
210
What are the benefits of goal setting?
- increase self confidence
- increase motivation
- reduce stress
- develops NACH
211
What are outcome/product goals?
- set against other performers
- based on results
212
What is an example of an outcome/product goal?
- to win the swimming championship
213
What is a task orientated goal?
- aims to master a skill/improve own performance
214
What is an example of a task orientated goal?
- to achieve the best time in a 10km race
215
What is a performance goal?
- intermediate goals
- set against yourself to improve from last time
216
What is an example of a performance goal?
- to have a faster split time than last time
217
What is a process goal?
- relatively short term
- improve technique
218
What is an example of a process goal
- for a swimmer to improve power of their tumble turn
219
What are the components of SMARTER targets?
- specific
- measurable
- achievable
- realistic
- time based
- evaluate
- redo
220
What is meant by specific?
- goal must be related to performer
221
What is meant by measurable?
- must be quantifiable/measurable to see progress
222
What is meant by achievable?
- must be able to reach goal in time frame
223
What is meant by realistic?
- must be within performers abilities
224
What is meant by time based?
- there is a fixed deadline to sustain motivation
225
What is meant by evaluation?
- must review whether goal was met
226
What is meant by redo?
- if goals aren’t reached it must be reset
227
What is an attribution?
- the perceived reason for success of failure
228
What factors do attributions effect?
- future motivation/effort
- future task persistence
- future expectations of success and failure
229
What are the 2 loci in Weiner’s model?
- causality
- stability
230
What are the 2 factors in causality?
- internal
- external
231
What is meant by internal?
- within the performers control
232
What is meant by external?
- outside of the performers control
233
What are the 2 factors in stability?
- stable
- unstable
234
What is meant by stable?
- reason for outcome is relatively permanent
235
What is meant by unstable?
- reason for outcome varies
236
What is the attribution when is is internal stable?
Ability
237
What is the attribution when it is external stable?
Task difficulty
238
What is the attribution when it is internal unstable?
Effort
239
What is the attribution when it is external unstable?
Luck
240
Where do high achievers attribute success?
- internal stable causes
- effort
241
Why do high achievers attribute success to internal stable factors?
- highlights personal achievements
- believe they will win again
- keeps motivation high
242
Where do high achievers attribute failures?
- external unstable factors
- luck
243
Why do high achievers attribute failures to external unstable factors?
- limits shame as it was beyond their control
- protects their confidence
- motivated to try again as it will change
244
Where do low achievers attribute success?
- external unstable factors
- luck
245
Why do low achievers attribute success to external unstable factors?
- don’t feel pride in what they achieved
- don’t believe they will succeed again
- don’t gain any confidence
246
Where do low achievers attribute failure?
- internal stable factors
- ability
247
Why do low achievers attribute failure to internal stable factors?
- see defeat as their fault
- believe they cannot do anything to change their performance
- lack confidence and motivation
248
How should successes be attributed to maintain task persistence?
- internal stable factors
- so the performer has control over what was successful so it can be repeated
249
Where should failures be attributed to maintain task persistence?
- external unstable factors
- so it is out of the performers control so it will change for next time
250
What is the self serving bias?
- attributing successes internally and failures externally to protect self worth and confidence
251
What is learned helplessness?
- when performers believe failure is inevitable and feel a sense of hopelessness as they cannot do anything to change it
252
What are characteristics of learned helplessness?
- believe they have a limited ability
- judge performance on outcome goals
- unwilling to try new skills as they believe they will fail
- don’t believe things they can control will make a difference
253
What is specific learned helplessness?
- belief that failure in any situation is inevitable at a specific skill
254
What is general/global learned helplessness?
- belief that failure in any situation is inevitable
255
What is attribution retraining?
- used to overcome learned helplessness by attributing failures to factors that can be controlled
256
What are strategies to overcome learned helplessness?
- observe and monitor performers attributions
- focus on process goals rather than outcome goals
- use stress management techniques
- vicarious experiences
- positive reinforcement
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What is self confidence?
A persons belief in their own ability to achieve success in general
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What is trait confidence?
An innate level of confidence that is consistent in most situations
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What is state confidence?
Confidence in specific situations that can vary over different situations
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What is Vealy’s model?
- starts with an objective sporting situation
- SC trait and competitive orientation impact SC state
- causes performance and the perceived outcome
- perceived outcome feeds back to SC trait. and competitive orientation
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What is the objective sporting situation?
A specific skill
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What is SC trait?
An innate, stable level of self confidence in most situations
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What is competitive orientation?
Level of competitiveness an individual has in that situation
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What is SC state?
Level of self confidence the individual has in that situation
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What is the subjective outcome?
How the performer interprets the performance which is fed back to SC trait and competitive orientation
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What is self efficacy?
Belief in the individuals ability to succeed in specific sporting situation
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How does a high self efficacy improve performance?
- increased positive attitude
- increased motivation
- reduced anxiety
- reach optimal arousal
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According to Bandura, what are factors affecting self efficacy?
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion
- emotional arousal
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How do performance accomplishments affect self efficacy?
- most important factor
- repeated success previously leads to positive expectation and increased motivation so further successes happen
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How does vicarious experiences impact self efficacy?
- performers gain confidence from seeing others succeed
- most effective with a model of a similar ability
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How does verbal persuasion impact self efficacy?
- if others show that they have confidence in you with reasoning you are more likely yo have self efficacy
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How does emotional arousal impact self efficacy?
- least important factor
- physiological symptoms of arousal .g. anxiety must be seen positively to improve self efficacy
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What are strategies to develop self efficacy?
- realistic goals
- ensure performers are aware of previous accomplishments
- positive vicarious experience
- encourage performers to see arousal as positive
- imagery/visualisation
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What are factors that reduce self efficacy?
- consistent failure
- goals too outcome orientated
- feedback too negative
- external rewards are limited to best performers only
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What are the advantages of playing at home?
- increases play confidence and motivation
- increases assertiveness making them more aggressive increasing the likelihood of winning
- increases likelihood of dominant response occurring
- home supporters cna have a negative effect on the opposition
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What are factors affecting home field advantage?
- size of home crowd
- hostility of home crowd
- proximity of crowd to pitch
- distance the away team has travelled
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What are disadvantages of playing at home?
- the more important the game the more linley you are to experience the choke effect due to pressure resulting in social inhibition
- large empty stadium with crown far away will reduce the influence on players
- players may be more self conscious
- evaluation apprehension may. increase anxiety
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What are prescribed leaders and an example?
Appointed by a person of authority e.g. coach choosing a captain
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What are emergent leaders and an example?
Rise from within the group based on talent e.g. team mates choosing captain
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What is leadership?
Behaviour that influences individuals and groups towards set goal
281
What are characteristics of an effective leader?
- motivating
- confident
- good decision making
- clear goals
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What are the 3 leadership styles?
- autocratic
- democratic
- laissez faire
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What is the autocratic leadership style?
- task orientated
- leader makes all the decisions
284
When is the autocratic leadership style used?
- dangerous situations
- large groups
- limited time
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What is the democratic leadership style?
- person orientated
- leader shares the decision making with the group
- encourages relationships in the group
286
When is the democratic leadership style used?
- small groups
- lots of time
- experienced performers
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What is the laissez faire leadership style?
- person orientated
- team makes all the decisions
- gives little guidance
288
When is the laissez faire leadership style used?
- problem solving
- elite performers only
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What is Fielder’s contingency model?
- leaders should decide whether to be task orientated or person orientated based on the favourableness of the situation
290
According to Fieldler, what makes a good leader?
- being able to change leadership styles depending on the situation
291
What is a task orientated approach?
- achieving goals and pragmatic approach to get things done
- direct and authoritarian
292
What is a person orientated approach?
- developing relationships
- open to suggestions
- democratic approach
293
What leadership style is used in most and least favourable situations?
Task orientated
294
What leadership style is used in moderately favourable situation?
Person orientated approach
295
What are characteristics of a most favourable situation?
- leader as high authority
- has the respect of the group
- the goal is clear
296
What are characteristics of a least favourable situation?
- leader has no power or respect
- may be fighting in the group and towards the leader
- task is unclear
297
What are characteristics of a moderately favourable situation?
- team mates contribute to decision making process
- leader has some power and respect
- task is clear
298
What does Chelladurai’s multi dimensional model suggest?
- effective leaders vary depending on performers characteristics and constraints on the situation
299
What are the characteristics affecting the leader?
- situation
- leader
- group
300
What is meant by the situation?
- size of the group
- type of sport
- whether they’re winning or losing
301
What is meant by the leader
- confidence
- assertiveness
- preferred leadership style
302
What is meant by the group?
- personality
- age
- gender
303
What are the different leaders behaviours?
- required behaviour
- actual behaviour
- preferred behaviour
304
What is meant by required behaviour?
What leadership behaviour the situation demands
305
What is meant by the leaders actual behaviour?
- what style the leader actually exhibits
306
What is meant by the preferred behaviour?
- what style the group wants
307
What are the consequences in Chelladurai’s model?
- the more the leaders actual behaviour matches the preferred behaviour the better the performance quality and group satisfaction
308
What is stress?
The perceived imbalance between the demands of the task and the individuals ability
309
What can cause stress?
Anxiety
310
What is eustress?
Positive effects of stress that involve euphoria and internal feelings of self satisfaction so you reach optimal arousal
311
What is a stressor?
Perceived demands of the task that cause stress
312
What are examples of stressors?
- things that threaten self esteem
- things that cause personal harm
- increased pressure
- fear of the unknown
313
What are factors affecting ho you perceive a stressful situation?
- trait anxiety
- self confidence
- arousal levels
- importance of the event
314
What are cognitive stress management techniques?
- imagery
- visualisation
- thought stopping
- mental rehearsal
- self talk
315
What is imagery?
- creating mental images to escape stressful situations
- imagine a happy place or past successful performances
- increases self confidence
316
What is visualisation?
- creating a mental images to of what you want to happen or feel
- use it as a reference during performance
- visualise the sequences of movements
- can be internal or external
317
What is thought stopping?
- using simple physical or mental actions such as clenching your fists to stop negative self talk
- focuses attention away from stressor and redirects it to your performance
318
What is mental rehearsal?
- going over the movements in your head prior to performance
- helps the performer to remember the sequence so there is less stress around forgetting it
319
What is self talk?
- positive self talk leads to positive thoughts
- improves self confidence and concentration
320
What are somatic stress management techniques?
- biofeedback
- breathing control
- centering
- progressive muscle relaxation
321
What is biofeedback?
- physiological equipment such as a heart rate monitor to see changes in the body due to stress
- taught relaxation techniques to reduce this that can be used during performance
322
What is breathing control?
- learning to breathe deeply to slow heart rate
- also distracts attention from stressful situations so prevents negative thoughts
- works well with PMR
323
What is centering?
- maintaining a slow and streaky breathing pace and concentrating on that before switching back to external cues
- keeps performer in the present
324
What is progressive muscle relaxation?
- contract muscles tightly for a few seconds and then relax
- start at extremities and move inwards
- works well with breathing control
325
How does a warm up aid somatic stress?
- pulse raiser prepares the body for exercise
326
How does a warm up aid cognitive stress?
- skill based exercise helps performer to focus on the task
327
What is Nideffer’s Model of Attentional Focus?
- different activities rewire different levels of attentional focus
328
What are the dimensions in Nideffer’s model?
- broad-narrow
- internal-external
329
What is the broad-narrow dimension?
How many cues are being focused on
330
What is the internal-external dimension?
Where the performers focus is being placed
331
What is meant by broad internal tasks and an example?
- many cues concerning the performer
- e.g. footballer planning team strategies
332
What is meant by narrow internal tasks and an example?
- few cues concerning the performer
- e.g. swimmer mentally rehearsing sounds of start gun for a sprint
333
What is meant by broad external tasks and an example?
- many cues in the environment
- e.g. centre in netball deciding who to pass to
334
What is meant by narrow external tasks and an example?
- few cues in the environment
- e.g. basketballer focusing on the net in a free throw
