A2 Sport Society and Technology Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels on the sporting development continuum?
A
- foundation level
- participation level
- performance level
2
Q
What is foundation level?
A
- introduction to activity/sports at school
3
Q
What is participation level?
A
- emphasis on fun
- socialising and developing friendships
- recreational and relaxed
4
Q
What are characteristics of physical recreation?
A
- active aspect of leisure
- fun, enjoyable, informal
- voluntary
- flexible participation
- self officiated
5
Q
What are the functions of physical recreation for the individual?
A
- developed self confidence
- stress relief
- develop skills and fitness
- fun and enjoyment
6
Q
What are functions of physical recreation for society?
A
- reduced strain on NHS
- better use of spare time so lower crime rates
- increased employment
- improved social cohesion
7
Q
What are the characteristics of sport?
A
- Serious/competitive
- Prowess (high skill level)
- Organised (rules)
- Rewards
- Time/space restrictions
8
Q
What are the functions of sport for the individual?
A
- improve health and fitness
- more social interactions
- develops sporting morals and attitudes
9
Q
What are functions of sport for society?
A
- reduced strain on NHS
- increased social control
- equality of opportunities
- employment opportunities increased
10
Q
What are characteristics of physical eduction?
A
- national curriculum
- compulsory
- begins at primary school
- lessons are preplanned and highly structured
- takes place in school time
11
Q
What are functions of physical education?
A
- develop mental/physical/social skills
- develop leadership
- increased health and fitness
- increased self esteem
- more participation opportunities
12
Q
What are characteristics of school sport?
A
- extra curricular
- optional
- competitive
- e.g. School Sports Partnerships, School Games, specialist leaders
13
Q
What are benefits of school sport?
A
- improved academic performance to meet criteria for sports teams
- social development (new friends)
- improved self esteem
- improved health and fitness
14
Q
What are disadvantages of school sport?
A
- not available to all
- relies on teachers offering it
- may not have the best facilities
15
Q
What are the aspects of physical education?
A
- education
- recreation
- school sport
16
Q
What is the OAA?
A
- outdoor adventurous activities
- part of national curriculum
- activities involve nature
17
Q
What are the functions of the OAA?
A
- awareness of safety
- knowledge/respect for the environment
- teamwork
- social skills (communication)
18
Q
What are issues with the OAA?
A
- lack of time
-lack of money - lack of qualified/motivated staff
- location
19
Q
What are similarities between physical recreation and sport?
A
- both involve physical activity
- both increase health and fitness
- both done in free time
- both have intrinsic benefits
20
Q
What are differences between physical recreation and sport?
A
- recreation is available to all whereas sport is selective
- recreation emphasises taking part whereas sport emphasises winning
- recreation requires little effort whereas sport is highly competitive
- recreation is self officiated whereas sport has professional officials
21
Q
What are similarities between physical education and school sport?
A
- both highly structured and organised
- both offer intrinsic rewards
22
Q
What are differences between physical education and school sport?
A
- PE is compulsory whereas school sport is voluntary
- PE is available to all whereas school sport is selective
- PE emphasises taking part whereas school sport emphasises winning
- PE is done during school time whereas school sport is extracurricular
23
Q
What are similarities between physical recreation and physical education?
A
- both non competitive
- both have varied skill levels
- both available to all
- both increase health and fitness
24
Q
What are differences between physical recreation and physical education?
A
- reaction is done in free time whereas PE is done in school time
- recreation is voluntary whereas PE is compulsory
- recreation is for fun whereas PE is for learning and understanding skills
- recreation is self officiated whereas PE is teacher led
25
What is talent ID?
Multi disciplinary screening of athletes to identify those with potential for world class success
26
What is meant by the term elite?
The best, highest level sports performers
27
What are personal qualities of an elite performer?
- high pain tolerance
- highly skilled
- physically fir
- commitment and self discipline
28
What are sociocultural factors of an elite performer?
- high socioeconomic status
- evidence of equal opportunities and anti discrimination practices
- structured competitions
- high levels of media coverage and role models
29
What is UK Sport?
- an organisation that invests in Olympic/Paralympic sports
30
What are UK Sports roles?
- develop talent ID
- develop high performance sports to win more gold medals
- aid development to elite sports without barriers
31
How do UK Sports aid elite athletes?
- distribute money from national lottery
- fund NGBs which operate the World Class Programme
- fund athletes by Athlete Personal Award
- fund national institutes of sport e.g. EIS
- promote sporting conduct at elite levels
32
How is the English Institute of Sport funded?
- owned and funded by UK Sport
- generate own income by providing services to NGBs
33
What services does the English Institute of Sport offer?
- sports science support
- medical support
- performance and lifestyle support
34
What is sports science support?
Evaluating and monitoring training using performance analysis to provide diet and training programmes
35
What is medical support?
High quality medicine and physiotherapy
36
What is performance/lifestyle support?
Provide guidance and advice e.g. contracts and time management
37
What is the role of UK Talent?
Provide clear pathways to an elite level
38
What is the Research Innovation Team?
Develop the best resources and technology
39
What is World Class Performance?
Provide high performance centres for the best athletes and coaches with the best support
40
What are NGBs?
- organisations that decide direction of funding from grass roots to elite level
41
What is the role of NGBs?
- Positive role models
- Accessible facilities
- Meet government policies
- Policies that target unrepresented groups
- Employ Sport Development Officers
- Resources invested
42
What are the role of NGBs whole sport plans?
Aim to increase participation and talent ID
43
What is the EIS Performance Pathway Team?
- Pathway Frontline Technical Solutions
- Pathway Education
- Performance Pathway Health Check
- Pathway Strategy
44
What is the Pathway Frontline Technical Solutions?
Design talent ID programmes
45
What is the Pathway Education?
Educate coaches
46
What is the Performance Pathway Health Check?
Reviews current systems
47
What is the pathway strategy?
Develop a progressive pathway to elite
48
What is the World Class Performance Programme?
- podium = receive the most resources as they are likely to win a medal in next 4 years
- podium potential = receive some resources but less as they are likely to win a medal in next 8 years
- also fund talent ID
49
Why do we do talent ID?
- screen performers
- direct performers to best suited sports
- speed up performers development
- increase chance of producing medalists
50
How do you make talent ID effective?
- appropriate testing procedures
- high quality facilities
- high quality scouts/coaches
- equality
51
What are disadvantages of talent ID?
- need lots of funding
- no guarantee of finding talent
- high profile sports attract more performers
- need large numbers to attend to be of use
52
What is amateurism?
- participation in sport for the love of it without financial gain
53
What does amateurism encourage?
- fair play
- adhering to rules
54
What are examples of amateurism in modern day sport?
- Fair Play Awards
- respect for referee
- shaking hands
55
Who founded the modern Olympic games?
Baron de Coubertin
56
What are reasons for the Olympic oath being relevant?
- athletes still show respect for eachother
- competitors still adhere to rules
- still carry out regular drug testing and bans
- Olympic oath is still said at the start of every Olympics
57
What are reasons for the Olympic oath being irrelevant?
- athletes get paid
- people get away with taking drugs
- those who have been banned are allowed to come back
58
What is sportsmanship?
Playing by written and unwritten rules of the games and in the spirit of the games
59
What is examples good sportsmanship?
- 2 high jumpers sharing the gold meal
- kicking the ball out of play when someone is injured
60
What is an example of bad sportsmanship?
- time wasting
- not shaking hands
- arguing with officials
61
What are some strategies to encourage sportsmanship?
- Fair Play Awards
- use of technology to spot foul play
- increased severity of punishment
- rigorous drug testing
62
What is gamesmanship?
Stretching the riles but not breaking them and taking advantage of unclear rules
63
What are some examples of gamesmanship?
- time wasting
- psyching out opponents
- cyclist falling off bike on purpose during grace period to restart the race
- deceiving officials to gain advantage
64
What is the win ethic?
Win at all costs
65
What is some examples of win ethic?
- no draw in basketball and American football
- negativity towards losers
- high levels of deviance (drugs)
66
What is deviance?
Behaviour that goes against the norms of society and is deemed unacceptable
67
What is positive deviance?
Over conformity to norms and expectations
68
What is an example of positive deviance?
Continuing to play while injured
69
What is negative deviance?
Under conforming to norms and expectations
70
What is an example of negative deviance?
Cheating, doping, violence
71
What are causes of violence in performers?
- Win ethic and high rewards
- Importance of the event
- Nature of the sport e.g. rugby
- NGBs too lenient with punishments
- Excitement or over arousal
- Refereeing decisions leading to frustration
72
What are strategies to prevent violence in the performer?
- use technology to support referee (VAR)
- train officials to diffuse situations
- punish violence (even after the game)
- promote good role models
- impose harsher punishments
73
What are implications of violence on the performer?
- lower spectator attendance
- participation declines
- negative media coverage
- lower sponsorship
74
What are causes of violence in spectators?
- emotional intensity of the event
- alcohol and drugs
- media hype
- poor policing and crowd control
- lack of deterrents
75
What are strategies to prevent violence in spectators?
- control alcohol sales
- tougher deterrents for fans
- CCTV in grounds
- pass laws to inhibit pitch invasions
- encourage responsible media coverage controlling hype
76
What are implications of violence on spectators?
- image of the sport declines so participation decreases
- spectator attendance falls
- more stringent security measures
77
What are social reasons to take drugs?
- win ethic
- for fame and fortune
- high pressure e.g. a final
- lack of deterrents
78
What are psychological reasons to take drugs?
- calm nerves
- increased aggression
- lack confidence
79
What are anabolic steroids?
Artificially produced hormones
80
What are the benefits of anabolic steroids?
- increase protein storage
- promote muscle growth
- increase strength and power
- speed up recovery
81
What kind of performer takes anabolic steroids?
Power/strength performers e.g. weightlifters
82
What are the side effects of anabolic steroids?
- mood swings
- heart/immune damage
- aggression
83
What are beta blockers?
Calm individuals by counteracting adrenaline
84
What are the benefits of beta blockers?
- improve accuracy
- reduce anxiety
- lower heart rate
- reduce muscle spasms
85
86
What kind of performer takes beta blockers?
Precision sports e.g. archery/darts
87
What are side effects of beta blockers?
- fatigue
- low blood pressure
- reduced aerobic capacity
88
What is EPO?
Artificially produced hormones that produce haemoglobin
89
What are the benefits of EPO?
- stimulate red blood cell production
- increased oxygen capacity
- speeds up recovery
- delays onset of fatigue
90
What kind of performer takes EPO?
Endurance performers e.g. marathon runners
91
What are the side effects of EPO?
- blood clotting
- strokes
- death
92
What are pros of drug use for performers?
- increased chance of winning
- fame and fortune
- improved performance
- better sponsors
93
What are cons of drug use for performers?
- fines and bans
- side effects of the drugs
- loss of revenue
- social isolation
94
What are pros of drug use on the sport?
- higher performance quality
- more entertaining
- more competitive
- better status
95
What are cons of drug use on the sport?
- damage to reputation
- loss of revenue
- poor role models
- unfair competition
96
What are arguments for drug taking?
- battle against drugs is time consuming and expensive
- detecting drugs isn’t always effective
- it is the performers personal choice
- if properly monitored it is less risky
97
What are arguments against drug taking?
- health risks and side effects
- unethical and gives an unfair advantage
- only richer countries can afford them
- creates negative role models
98
What are UKAD strategies to prevent drug use?
- consistent testing procedures
- educating athletes and coaches
- investing into no notice testing
- consistent punishments
- positive role models
99
What are challenges to UKAD?
- hard to gain immediate access to athletes
- constantly new drugs
- accidentally ingesting the drug
- different countries/sports have different testing policies
100
How does sport legislation relate to performers?
Deals with injuries, loss of earnings and contracts
101
What is the roles of sport legislation in relation to performers?
- holds them accountable for their actions
- protects them on the pitch
- allows performers the right to work
- protects them in contracts
- holds them accountable for contract breaches
- inequality issues
102
What are examples of sport legislation holding performers accountable for their actions?
- Duncan Ferguson prosecuted and jailed for head butting the opposition
- James Cotterill convicted and jailed for punching opposition
103
What are examples of sport legislation protecting players on the pitch?
- 17 year old arrested for attacking Wycombe goalkeeper
- Jack Grealish’s attacker was arrested
104
What are examples of sport legislation allowing performers the right to work?
- Bosman Ruling allowing players to leave clubs at the end of their contract without a transfer fee
105
What are examples of sport legislation protecting performers in contracts?
- Wayne Rooney disputed former sports agency who insisted he owed them money but was dismissed as he was 17 when he signed the contract
106
What is an example of sport legislation holding performers accountable for contract breaches?
- Rory McIlroy disputing Oakley after he moved to Nike without giving them first refusal
107
What is an example of sport legislation disputing inequality issues?
- women now cannot have contracts cancelled as they are pregnant
108
What roles does sport legislation play in sports?
- Spectators attacking players
- Opponents being too violent
- Contractual issues with sponsors
- Contractual issues with employers
- Equality of opportunities (maternity leave)
- Refereeing negligence
109
How does sport legislation relate to officials?
Protects individuals by ensuring officials are doing their jobs
110
What is negligence?
Failing to take reasonable care for another person
111
What can happen if an official fails to fulfil their duty of care?
May harm a performer
112
What are the 2 cases relating sport legislation to officials?
- Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan
- Allport v Wilbraham
113
What is the Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan case?
- rugby referee was at fault for injuries sustained in a scrum
- allowed over 20 scrums to collapse
- found to have not followed guidelines
114
What was the Allport v Wilbraham case?
- injury to claimant as a result of a collapsed scrum
- case was thrown out as official was seen to have done all he should’ve
115
How does sport legislation relate to coaches?
Says they have a duty of care to eliminate potential threats so participation is safe
116
What does sport legislation suggest coaches must do?
- ensure health and safety
- protect players from abuse
- protection from supplements
- duty of care
117
How do coaches ensure health and safety?
- access to first aid
- means to contact emergency services
- deemed liable if evidence found to show normal practices not followed
118
How do coaches protect players from abuse?
- emotional abuse e.g. taunting and threats
- physical abuse e.g. being hit
- need a policy regarding child abuse that they adhere to
119
How do coaches protect players from supplements?
- education on drug use/abuse
- provide advice on legal nutrition to enhance performance
120
How do coaches have a duty of care?
- ensure safety and welfare
- ensure adults have a DBS
- ensure risk assessments
- act in loco parentis
121
What role does sport legislation have for spectators?
- ensure safety and prevent hooliganism
- control alcohol sales
- increased security and police presence
- tougher punishments/deterrents
122
What is the Occupiers Liability Act (1957)?
An occupier of a premises owes a common duty of care to all visitors
123
What is the Safety of Sports Ground Act (1975)?
Protects all spectators and covers all grounds in sport
124
What is the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol)(1985)?
Bans the possession of alcohol prior and during games ad ensure grounds have licenses to sell alcohol
125
What is the Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act (1987)?
Fire security licenses must be gained from local authority, set maximum number of spectators in stands and ensure stands are made out of fireproof materials
126
What is the Football Spectators Act (1989)?
Banning orders put on individuals who have committed offences
127
What is the Football Offence Act (1999)?
Prevents throwing missiles, chanting abuse and trespassing onto the pitch
128
What is the golden triangle?
The relationship between the sport, sponsors and media
129
Why does sport need sponsors?
For revenue
130
Why does sport need the media?
For promotion of matches/games
131
Why do sponsors need sport?
To advertise the brand to increase awareness
132
Why do sponsors need the media?
T promote the brand to increase awareness
133
Why does media need sport?
To get viewers to pay for subscriptions
134
Why does media need sponsors?
For money for product promotion
135
What is ring fencing?
Certain sports must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free to access TV
136
What is OFCOM?
A communication regulator in the UK that regulate the TV sector
137
What is the role of OFCOM in relation to sports?
Protect ring fenced sports
138
What are some reasons OFCOM ring fence certain events?
- allow access to widest number of viewers
- avoid restricting pay per view to only those who can afford it
- free coverage of sports that are part of our heritage e.g. FA Cup
139
Why is ring fencing in danger of being diminished?
Media companies (Sky/BT Sports) offer huge financial packages to sports
140
What makes sport attractive to media?
- high skill level
- exciting
- easily understood
- short in time scale e.g. test cricket
141
What are the positive impacts of commercialisation on performers?
- increased wages
- more full time opportunities due to more professional contracts
- behaviour improves as they become role models
- higher quality performance as better facilities/resources
142
What are negative impacts of commercialisation on performers?
- increased pressure to win (increased deviancy)
- treated poorly by sponsors (e.g. must play with injury)
- inequality in minority sports performers
- performers treated as commodities
143
What are positive impacts of commercialisation on coaches?
- higher profile
- increased salaries
- increased funding for support systems and resources
- easier to analyse opponents
144
What are negative impacts of commercialisation on coaches?
- increased pressure to tine
- higher risk of losing their job
- inequalities in funding in coaches of minority sports
- expected to do interviews post games
145
What are positive impacts of commercialisation on officials?
- increased profile so fans are more aware of their role
- increased salary so can go full time
- better funding for technology (VAR)
- increased funding for training so officials are better
146
What are negative impacts of commercialisation on officials?
- increased pressure as decisions are analysed
- increased expectations to give interviews and explain decisions
- over reliant on technology
- increased profile making them more vulnerable
147
What are positive impacts of commercialisation on spectators?
- improved standard so more enjoyable to watch
- improved facilities so stadiums are larger and more comfortable
- better access as more streaming platforms
- increased awareness of the sport
148
What are negative impacts of commercialisation on spectators?
- increased cost of tickets and subscriptions
- loss of traditions (KO times)
- breaks in play for adverts
- fewer tickets available as more go to sponsors
149
What are positive impacts of commercialisation on the sport?
- increased funding for facilities/resources/support
- better technology for referee so more accurate decisions
- more positive role models improving participation
- increased spectators interest
150
What are negative impacts of commercialisation on the sport?
- over reliant on funding and will collapse without it
- money goes to popular sports
- sports lose control e.g. tigers to sponsors not fans
- loss of traditions to make it more exciting
151
What is quantitative research?
Formal objective systematic processes used to gather quantitative data
152
What is an example of quantitative research?
- fitness tests
- reaction time
153
What is qualitative research?
Worded data that is subjective and looks at feeling, opinions or emotions
154
What is an example of qualitative research?
Judging a dance routine
155
What time of research is more objective?
Quantitative
156
What is objective data?
Usually quantitative data that is based on facts and is measurable and observable
157
What is an example of objective data?
Reaction time
158
What is subjective data?
Usually qualitative data that is based on opinions/emotions
159
What is an example of subjective data?
Post performance evaluation
160
What is validity?
Degree to which the data collected measures which it claims to
161
What is reliability?
Whether data collected is similar and consistent when repeated
162
What is sports analytics?
Studying data from spots performances to improve performance
163
What is video motion analysis?
A technique used to get information about moving objects from a video
164
What technology is used in performance analysis?
- high speed cameras
- computer softwares
165
What are 2 types of video motion analysis?
- notational match analysis
- biomechanics analysis
166
What is notational match analysis?
Studies performance based on outcomes
167
What are examples of notational match analysis?
- how far they ran
- how many successful passes were made
168
What is biomechanics analysis?
Studies performance based on skills and techniques
169
What is an example of biomechanics analysis?
Foot placement in 100m sprint
170
What is performance analysis?
Provisions of objective feedback to performers to elicit a positive change in performance
171
How is performance analysis used in training?
- provides immediate feedback
- allows comparison of performance
- can give pre and post training feedbacl
172
How can performance analysis be used in competitions?
- look at opponents stats
- consider previous experiences of that opponent
- plan tactics and strategies
173
What is the metabolic cart?
A device with head gear over mouth and nose to measure xylene breathed in over a period of time
174
What is indirect calorimetry?
Use of metabolic cart to measure amount of heat and energy made in oxidation reactions providing the REE
175
What is REE?
- resting energy expenditure
- amount of energy a person burns at rest
176
What are factors affecting REE?
- weight
- BMI
- age
- gender
- drug use
177
How does weight impact REE?
The heavier you are the higher your REE
178
How does BMI impact REE?
The higher your BMI the higher your REE
179
How does age impact REE?
REE lowers as you get older
180
How dos gender impact REE?
REE is higher in women
181
How does drug use impact REE?
REE is higher if you smoke/use amphetamines
182
What are benefits of indirect calorimetry?
- able to determine energy requirements and nutrition
- determines nutrition needs during exercise
- assess energy needs to alter weight
- measure REE
183
What are challenges with indirect calorimetry?
- inaccuracies from air leaks/recording errors
- inaccuracies can lead to over or under feeding
- single snapshots aren’t reliable
- measures consumption not needs
184
What is GPS?
- global positioning system
- space based navigation system that proved location and time information
185
What are G forces?
Forces acing on the body as a result of acceleration and gravity
186
How is GPS used to monitor performance?
- how far they travelled
- how fast they travelled
- areas covered
- direction they travelled
187
How does GPS support elite performers?
- measures performance e.g. fitness levels
- monitors workload in rehab
- replicate match intensity in training
- measure impact analysis through G forces
188
How does GPS support coaches?
- useful in team selection
- provide immediate feedback
- match players up to compare them
189
What is examples of GPS for non elite performers?
- strava
- fitbits
- smart watches
190
Why do non elite performers use GPS?
- track progress
- provide motivation
- competition
- track health
191
What are positives of GPS?
- detailed quantitative data
- available to non athletes
- immediate feedback
192
What are weaknesses of GPS?
- expensive
- cheap equipment may be unreliable
- data may be hard to interpret
193
What is meant by monitoring data integrity?
Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its lifetime
194
How is data compromised?
- human error when inputting
- errors when transmitting data to other computers
- software bugs/viruses
- hardware malfunctions
195
How can you minimise data integrity threats?
- regularly back up data
- control who has access to it
- take care when entering data
- use error detection/correction softwares
196
What are uses of game analytics?
- measure player performance
- provide immediate feedback
- recreate match intensity
- identify optimal rest times
197
How is qualitative data used in talent ID?
- scouring reports on performance
- make team selections
198
How is quantitative data used in talent ID?
- profiling players for pathway analytic (height, speed etc)
- data is assessed to identify players most likely to succeed
199
What are the functions of sports analytics?
- monitor fitness
- skill/technique development
- injury prevention
200
How can sports analytics be used to monitor fitness in recreational and elite performers?
- wearable devices
- recreational performers use it to measure calories burnt, heart rate and track sleep
- elite performers use it to track progression, measure split times and compare to others
201
What are the 2 types of injury prevention?
- vibration technology
- electrostimulation
202
What is vibration technology?
Using a massage gun to the whole body or affected area
203
What are benefits of vibration technology?
- improve circulation
- reduce DOMs
- alleviate stress
- increase muscle mass
204
What is electrostimulation?
Gentle external electrocution of muscles without involvement of nervous system
205
What are benefits of electrostimulation?
- prevents fitness losses during inactivity
- remove muscle tension
- remove lactic acid
- strengthens muscles
206
What are examples of adaptive technology for the elderly?
- finger extension exerciser to aid hand/write movement
- balance beams to maintain coordination, balance and mobility
- advanced wheelchairs to improve mobility and get involved in adapted activities
207
What is examples of adaptive technology for disabled performers?
- wheelchairs
- prosthetics
- ramps
- harnesses/hoists
208
What are some examples of adaptive wheelchairs?
- rugby wheelchair is lightweight and low to the grown
- tennis wheelchair has large wheels for fast movement and are strapped to the seat
209
What are the different kinds of prosthetics?
- blade used for quick starts allowing the knee to bend
- fixed prosthetic for speed in the race not allowing use of the knee
210
What are examples of development of facilities?
- 3G surfaces
- multi use surfaces
211
What are benefits of 3G surfaces?
- less maintenance
- can be used all year round
212
What are limitations of 3G surfaces?
- expensive
- more rigid than grass
- friction burns
213
What is an example of multi use surfaces?
Lee Vallet VeloPark that has a velodrome and a road cycle track
214
What are benefits of multi use surfaces?
- more sports can access it
- more spending on the fitness sector
215
What is the initiative delivered by Sport England and British Olympic Association ?
Places People Play
216
What is the Places People Play initiative?
Deliver on Olympic/Paralympic legacy promise to increase sports participation by providing facilities at a local area
217
What is the Places aspect?
- improving facilities to the public
- Iconic Facilities initiative funds the transformation of facilities locally to increase participation
218
What is the People aspect?
Inspiring more people to be physically active by creating sports leaders in communities
219
What is the Play aspect?
Introducing more competitions
220
What is marginal gains?
- developed by Brailsford’s attention to detail for London 2012 cycling team
- he made minor changes (e.g. heated shorts) that allowed for greater success
221
What has allowed marginal gains?
The development of new technology
222
What are positives of technology on the performer?
- improved clothing e.g. spikes for sprinters
- improved equipment e.g. tracking devices
- improved protective equipment e.g. cricket helmets and gum shields
- improved recovery e.g. compression clothing and cryotherapy
223
What are negatives of technology on performers?
- injury/over aggression due to feeling invincible
- increased PED use that cannot be detected yet
- not available to all as it is expensive
- inequality in tech use in sports
224
What are positives of technology on sports?
- increased participation
- increased inclusivity
- development of better facilities
- development of means to collect data like GPS
225
What are negatives of technology on sports?
- misleading data can lead to negative perception of performance if not understood
- expensive limiting who can access it
- paralysis by analysis so cannot react to situations as too focused on data
- placebo effect thinking most expensive technology correlates to performance
226
What are positives of technology on officials?
- improved decision making via VAR/hawk eye
- improved communications with eachother and players
- more accurate injury times
227
What are negatives of technology on officials?
- loss of respect from crowd as not main decision maker
- inequalities in tech use in sports
- disruption to play using VAR
- undermine their position in post match discussion
228
What are positives of technology on coaches?
- highly detailed feedback of player performances
- enables quantitative assessment of performance
- develop more detailed training programmes to improve weaknesses
229
What are negatives of technology on coaches?
- over reliance
- opponents can analyse you
230
What are positives of technology on spectators?
- increased awareness of team stats through social media
- easier to access sport via streaming platforms and highlights
- insight into officiating deciosns as they wear mics
- increased excitement through VAR
231
What are negatives of technology on spectators?
- VAR slows play ruining spectator experience
- more expensive to watch
