A2C1 - Chapter 1 - Importance of ATP WIP Flashcards
How is ATP ideally suited to its roles?
- Inert
- Can pass out of mitochondria in cytoplasm
- Efficient energy release
- Releases energy in useable quantities.
- Easily hydrolysed to release energy
- Readily reformed by phosphorylation.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
What group of molecules does ATP belong to?
Nucleotides.
What makes up an ATP molecule? (3)
Ribose sugar, Adenine and Three Phosphates.
What is the role of ATP?
Universal energy carrier.
What type of reaction breaks ATP down?
Hydrolysis Reaction.
What enzyme is required to breakdown ATP via hydrolysis?
ATPase.
What occurs when ATP is hydrolysed?
Protein Synthesis
Muscle Contraction
DNA Synthesis
Active transport
Mitosis.
How is ATP made?
During photosynthesis and respiration, ATP is made when protons are pumped across the membranes using energy from electrons to create an electrochemical or proton gradient.
When the protons flow back through the stalked particles down the concentration gradient, ATP synthetase phosphorylates ADP into ATP.
What is the name of the movement of the protons back down the concentration gradient?
Chemiosmosis
Where does ATP synthetase phosphorylate ADP to ATP?
In chloroplasts, specifically the thylakoid membrane or cristae.
What is the difference in mechanism between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
- The Mechanism in mitochondria uses energy carried by electrons to pump protons across the membrane, they then use stalked particles to flow back.
- Chloroplasts use electron energy to pump protons across the membrane which flow back through stalked particles.
What is the difference between ATP synthesis in chloroplasts vs mitochondria in the enzyme involved?
They both use ATP synthetase
What is the difference in proton gradient between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
In mitochondria it is from inter-membrane space to matrix
In chloroplasts it is from thylakoid space to stroma
What is the difference between where is the site of electron transport chain?
- For mitochondria it is located in the inner membrane or cristae.
- Chloroplasts have the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes.
What is the difference between coenzymes between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
In mitochondria it is FAD and NAD.
In chloroplasts it is NADP or chlorophyll.
What is the difference between terminal electron acceptors between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
The terminal electron acceptor is Oxygen in mitochondria.
The terminal electron acceptor for chloroplasts is the coenzyme NADP or chlorophyll.
What are the 3 types of phosphorylation?
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Photophosphorylation
- Substrate level phosphorylation.
What is phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphate group or ion to a molecule.
What is most often phosphorylated in
