A4 unity and diversity of ecosystems

Question 1

biological evolution

Answer 1

change in the heritable characteristics (rooted in DNA) of a **population

Question 2

what does it mean fro a theory to be falsified

Answer 2

it is shown that it is not true through the use of empirical evidence

Question 3

three different molecular evidences for evolution

Answer 3

1. DNA
2. RNA
3. Proteins

Question 4

hox genes

Answer 4

the genes that play a role in determining your bodily developpement. These geners are incredibly similar across different types of organisms and would be hard to explain without a common ascestor and evolution

Question 5

phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

a visual diagram that shows which species are most similar and related by comparing the similarity of a single gene

Question 6

selective breeding

Answer 6

choosing organisms to mate together based on whether they have desirable characteristics

Question 7

artificial selection

Answer 7

the result of selective breeding where organisms noe have combinations of traits that were not previously seen and have been curated by humans

Question 8

homologous
structures

Answer 8

structures that share a similar internat structure despite being use for idfferent purposes (divergent evolution)

Question 9

pentadactyl limbs

Answer 9

an example of homologous structres that is front or hind legs/arms that do or did have 5 digits

Question 10

analogous structures

Answer 10

body parts that cary out the same function in different organisms but are structured differently internally (convergent evolution)

Question 11

convergent evolution

Answer 11

when two species evolve independently but develop similar features and adaptations that suit their environment and become mroe similar

Question 12

speciation

Answer 12

the formation of a new species by the splitting of an existing species (can no longer interbreed)

Question 13

reproductive isolation

Answer 13

when populations can no longer interbreed with one another preventing gene flow (can be geographic, behavioral or temporal)

Question 14

geographic isolation

Answer 14

there is a natural or man made barrier seperating males and females preventing mating

Question 15

sympatric speciation

Answer 15

speciation that occurs when mating does not occur despite contact (casued by temporal or behavioral isolation)

Question 16

allopatric speciation

Answer 16

physical geographic barrier leads to a lack of contact and the development of distincts species

Question 17

behavioral isolation

Answer 17

accurs when the mate attracting actions of one group are different to those of another group

Question 18

temporal isolation

Answer 18

organisms do not make due to them having different mating seasons or different times to release gametes

Question 19

adaptive radiation

Answer 19

similar but distinct species rapidly evolve into different niches from a single or small number of species (can be a result of allopatric speciation)

Question 20

what are the two things required for speciation to occurr

Answer 20

1. reproductive isolation
2. differential selection (different selection pressures)

Question 21

hybridisation

Answer 21

the fertilisation of the fametes from one species by the gametes of another species

Question 22

interspecific hybrids

Answer 22

organisms produced by cross breeding two different species to produce new varieties

Question 23

polyploidy

Answer 23

when species have three or more copies of each chromosome due to errors in meiosis or hybridisation

Question 24

autotetroploidy

Answer 24

the formation of a polyploid organism from members of the same species

Question 25

allotetroploid

Answer 25

when a tetraploid organsism forms from the combining of gametes from two different species

Question 26

abrupt speciation

Answer 26

when new species form withint a couple of generations as a result of tetrapoildy

Question 27

biodiversity

Answer 27

the variety of living organisms and their interactions

Question 28

species richness

Answer 28

a measure of the number of different species in an community

Question 29

species evenness

Answer 29

a measure of how balanced an ecosystem is

Question 30

gene pool

Answer 30

all the different alleles of a gene in a population

Question 31

ecosystem diversity

Answer 31

the number of different biomes in an area or the number of mini ecosystems in a biome

Question 32

species diversity

Answer 32

the number of unique species that exist within a community/habitat

Question 33

genetic variation

Answer 33

the number of different alleles and gene combinations between members of the same species

Question 34

five anthropogenic causes of speciation

Answer 34

climate change
habitat loss
invasive species
pollution
overharvesting

Question 35

North Island Giant Moas (species)

Answer 35

extinct in New Zeland
haooened 500-1,000 years ago
overhunted by humans for food

Question 36

carribean monk seals (species)

Answer 36

extinct in then carribean
50 - 100 years ago
overhunted for oil for lamps

Question 37

dipterocarp forests (ecosystem)

Answer 37

dramatic ecosystem loss of forest coverage
ongoing issue
caused by logging for timber, clerance or palm oil plantations

Question 38

meaning

in situ conservation effort

Answer 38

the management of biodiversity in the natural ecosystem/habitat

Question 39

meaning

ex situ conservation effort

Answer 39

helping species and biodiversity outside their natural habitat/ecosystem

Question 40

examples

in situ conservation effort

Answer 40

1. active management to prevent human influence (nature parks/nature reserves)
2. rewilging (removing/returning species)
3. reclamation (replanting/reistablishment)

Question 41

example

ex situ conservation effort

Answer 41

1. zoo breeding programs with artificial insemination
2. create habitats like botanic gardens
3. seed and tissue banks

Question 42

what prioritises conservation efforts

Answer 42

EDGE use ICUN status and genetic uniqueness