AA - organisations

Question 1

When was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People established?

Answer 1

1909

Question 2

What is the background of the NAACP?

Answer 2

• First major organisation - there had been limited support up to this point
• Originally created by white activists who were against lynchings and discrimination

Question 3

Who were major AA campaigners in the NAACP?

Answer 3

W.E.B Du Bois and Ida Wells.

Question 4

What were the aims of the NAACP?

Answer 4

• Suffrage rights
• Equal justice
• Better education
• Equality before the law
• Employment opportunities according to ability

Question 5

How many branches did the NAACP set up and why is this surprising?

Answer 5

50

They originally had a small membership.

Question 6

What were the NAACPs methods?

Answer 6

Mainly focused on legal challenges. Did organise and lead some public marches. Non-violent.

Question 7

What effective civil rights legislation did the NAACP gain?

Answer 7

Brown v. Board 1954 - Little Rock 1957, ineffective

Browder v. Gayle 1956 - change in Montgomery but not across country
Montgomery bus boycott gained them publicity.

Smith v. Allwright 1944 - not v. effective

Question 8

How was the NAACP ineffective at solving social and economic issues?

Answer 8

No major changes in these issues due to NAACP. Ppl don’t see the changes.
Little Rock - attempt at desegregation a major step forward but not necessarily successful

Question 9

Why was the NAACP not effective?

Answer 9

Du Bois only senior Black committee member. Did not recruit mass following - 6000 members 1915. Couldn’t enforce changes they had helped bring about like Brown v. Board. Desegregation of schools was slow.

Question 10

When was the Congress of Racial Equality founded?

Answer 10

1942

Question 11

What is the background of CORE?

Answer 11

2/3 of initial membership white. Worked w/ white Americans. Focused on key areas of the civil rights movement.

Question 12

Did CORE achieve effective civil rights legislation?

Answer 12

• Influenced Boynton v. Virginia in 1960
• Freedom Rides to test B v. V in 1961
• Pressured Robert Kennedy, Attorney General, to enforce B v. V

Question 13

Did CORE encourage participation from the Black American community?

Answer 13

Inspired others to get involved in the movement. Freedom riders from north had support from AA community. Sit ins on buses.

Question 14

Did CORE encourage participation from the white American community?

Answer 14

• Provoked a response from the gov. - success
• However, Kennedy called freedom riders unpatriotic and police arrested them
• The KKK worked w/ police in the South to attack Freedom riders.
• Encouraged mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham - against MLKs tactics

Question 15

Was the CORE successful in solving economic and social issues?

Answer 15

Unsuccessful at achieving any social or economic change. Difficult to change attitudes when wA are not on side.

Question 16

When was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded and who was the figurehead of the organisation?

Answer 16

Founded in 1957. MLK a prominent leader and figurehead of the organisation.

Question 17

What did the SCLC achieve in terms of effective civil rights?

Answer 17

• 1963 Civil Rights Bill
• 1964 Civil Rights Act
• 1965 Voting Rights Act

Question 18

Did the SCLC encourage Black American participation?

Answer 18

• Led by MLK - prominent CR leader, v. popular
• On the front lines w/ protestors - arrested 29 times
• Riots after MLKs death is 1968 - Holy Week Uprising

Question 19

Did the SCLC encourage white American participation?

Answer 19

• MLK was a pastor - popular w/ white Americans
• Used non-violent methods
• Children in Birmingham
• Took advantage of media - ppl couldn’t ignore it

Question 20

Why did the SCLC lose white support?

Answer 20

MLK spoke out against the Vietnam war. Lost the support of white Americans and Johnson.

Question 21

Was the SCLC successful at solving economic and social issues?

Answer 21

Economic and social more difficult to change - can’t just doing it by passing legislation.
Failed at Chicago, bricked at Marquette Park.

Question 22

When was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee founded?

Answer 22

1960

Question 23

What did the pre-65 SNCC gain in terms of effective legislation?

Answer 23

Gained nothing in terms of effective legislation. However, 150 cities desegregated facilities as a result of SNCC protests.

Question 24

How did the pre-65 SNCC encourage participation of Black Americans?

Answer 24

• They reignited the CR movement
• Confrontational passive resistance
• Sit ins at restaurants, swimming pools and libraries
• Mass engagement, 700,000 ppl ended up joining

Question 25

How did the pre-65 SNCC encourage participation of white Americans?

Answer 25

- Non-violent - Used media coverage - There was a growing no. of wA joining protests

Question 26

Did the SNCC achieve any economic or social change?

Answer 26

No major changes. May have changed some attitudes.

Question 27

What happened to the SNCC post-65?

Answer 27

Came under the new leadership of Stokely Carmichaels. New violent movement sparked by this new leadership as well as the shooting of James Meredith, the first AA to enter the Uni of Mississippi. Tactics closer to that of Black Panthers

Question 28

Did the post-65 SNCC gain any effective civil rights?

Answer 28

No effective CR legislation. Militant, wanted to see action rather than just an act passed

Question 29

Did the post-65 SNCC encourage the Black American community?

Answer 29

- Support from young AA, especially in the North - They used confrontational methods - Celebrated African culture, music, food and hair

Question 30

Did the post-65 SNCC encourage participation from the white American community?

Answer 30

No - no longer worked w/ white Americans. Fed. gov. used CIA against them. V. violent

Question 31

Did the post-65 SNCC achieve anything in terms of social and economic issues?

Answer 31

Focused on money and improving AAs economic position but achieved little.

Question 32

Did the Nation of Islam gain any effective civil rights legislation?

Answer 32

- Didn't achieve any effective CR legislation | - Voter registration and = political rights not a priority

Question 33

Did the NOI encourage participation of the Black community?

Answer 33

- Around 25,000 to a quarter of a million members by 1969 - March on Washington 1959 w/ 10,000 ppl, 'don't be passive, don't turn the other cheek - Used a newspaper to spread info - media - Ideas of Black superiority - Links to Islam faith increased emotional appeal - Alienates Christians and against AA hairstyles

Question 34

Did the NOI encourage white American support?

Answer 34

No - used violent and militant tactics | - Wanted to create a Black state in the deep south

Question 35

Did the NOI achieve anything in terms of solving economic and social issues?

Answer 35

Focused on economic. Created businesses in ghettos. Wanted AA to focus on helping themselves economically.

Question 36

Did the Black Panthers achieve any effective CR legislation?

Answer 36

No effective CR legislation.

Question 37

Did the Black Panthers encourage the Black community?

Answer 37

- Formed defense groups against police brutality - Black Panther salute by 2 AA athletes at 1968 Olympics - Openly carried weapons - V. popular among AA - 1972 Black Power convention

Question 38

Did the Black Panthers encourage the white American community?

Answer 38

- Communists - highly disliked in America - Violent and militant - Excluded white Americans

Question 39

Did the Black Panthers achieve anything in terms of solving economic and social issues?

Answer 39

- Free breakfasts - resulted in it being introduced in schools for first time - Focused on economic - Healthcare, protection, legal advise, jobs, businesses