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Dentistry Year 1 > Aaron Ackerman > Flashcards

Aaron Ackerman Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some symptoms of hep b

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea
Headaches 
Jaundice
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2
Q

What is the median incubation time for heb b

When dose heb b become chronic

A

2.5 months

Around 6 months

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3
Q

What are the complications of chronic hepatitis b

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cirrhosis

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4
Q

How is transmission of hepatitis b minimised

A

PPE
Cross infection control
Vaccine

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5
Q

Which hepatitis b antibody is used in the vaccine

A

HBsAb

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6
Q

What level of antibody must there be during serological testing 6 months after the vaccination course is finished

A

10 IU/L

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7
Q

What are the layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue dense
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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8
Q

What are the four basic tissue types

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

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9
Q

What are the roles of epithelial tissue

A

Line body cavities and surfaces
Forms glands
Provides protection
Aids diffusion, secretion and filtration

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10
Q

What are properties of epithelial tissue

A

Basement membrane
Non vascularised
Cells divide rapidly
Tightly packed

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11
Q

What are the types and roles of epithelium

A

Simple- lining, diffusion
Stratified- protection
Pseudostratified

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12
Q

What are the roles of connective tissue

A 
Provide support 
Protection 
Act as framework 
Store fat
Produce blood cells 
Fight infection 
Repairs damaged tissue
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13
Q

What are the properties of connective tissue

A

Scattered cells in intracellular matrix
Good blood supply
Cells can reproduce
Contains ground substance

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14
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose irregular /areolar- viscous fluid matrix containing many cells and a loose arrangement of fibres

Dense irregular- viscous fluid matrix containing a dense network of collagenous and elastic fibres which is impact resistant

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15
Q

What are the types of specialised connective tissue

A

Dense regular- densely packed collagen fibres resistant to axially loaded tension forces but has some flexibility

Adipose tissue/fat- large lipid droplets surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm with nuclei pushed to side

Blood- blood plasma and blood cells

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16
Q

Properties of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Slow contraction speed
Unstriated

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17
Q

Properties of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary
Fast contraction speed
Striated

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18
Q

Properties of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary
Very slow contraction speed
Striated
Intercalated disks

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19
Q

What are the two types of neural cell

A

Neurones

Neuroglia

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20
Q

What are the three types of neurone

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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21
Q

What is the function of neuroglia such as schwaan or satellite cells

A

Support, regulation and protection of neurones

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22
Q

What nervous system are most of the cranial nerves part of

A

Peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory 
Optic 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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24
Q

How do nerves exit the cranial cavity

A

Through fissures and foramina

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25
What does the olfactory nerve govern What does the optic nerve govern What does the oculomotor nerve govern
Smell Sight Eye movement and pupil constriction
26
What does the trochlear nerve govern What does Trigeminal nerve govern What does the abducens nerve govern
Eye movement Somatosensory info from head and muscles of mastication Eye movement
27
What does the facial nerve govern What does the vestibulocochlear nerve govern What does the glossopharyngeal nerve govern
Muscles of facial expression, taste Hearing and balance Taste, sensory info from tongue, swallowing muscles
28
What does the vagus nerve govern What does the accessory nerve govern What does the hypoglossal nerve govern
Sensory, motor and autonomic function of viscera Muscles of head movement Muscles of tongue
29
Which are the mineralised hard tissues of the tooth | 4
Enamel Dentine Cementum Alveolar bone
30
What are the non mineralised soft tissues of the tooth | 4
Gingiva Pulp Oral mucosa Periodontal ligament
31
What are the four tooth supporting structures
Cementum Alveolar bone Gingivae Periodontal ligament
32
What are the stages of preparing paraffin wax sections
``` Fixation Dehydration Embedding in wax Sectioning on microtome Drying De waxing using solvent Staining ```
33
When would frozen sections be used
When answers are needed fast for example during surgery
34
When is ground sectioning used
Hard tissues
35
What does h and e stand for
Hematoxylin And Eosin
36
What type of dye is hematoxylin and what does it stain
A basic dye | Stains acidic structures purple or blue
37
What type of dye is eosin and what does it stain
Acidic dye | Stains non acidic components pink
38
How does gram staining work
Gram positive bacteria have thicker peptidoglycan cell wall so retain crystal violet Gram negative bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan cell wall so doesn't retain as much crystal violet
39
What is the general basis of immunohistochemistry
Using antigens to label antibodies with flourescent tag or dye, usually florophore
40
What is the difference between the direct and indirect method of immunohistochemistry
Direct Primary antibody directly conjugated to florophore Indirect Primary antibody unconjugated, secondary antibody conjugated and attaches to primary
41
Definition of tissue
Collection of similar cells performing specialised function
42
Organ definition
Group of tissues adapted to perform specific function
43
Which are bigger out of archaea, protozoa, fungi, parasites
Parasites
44
Which are smaller, viruses, intracellular bacteria, extracellular bacteria
Viruses
45
Which are the primary lymphoid organs
Red bone marrow | Thymus gland
46
What occurs in primary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes are formed and mature, stem cells differentiate into t and b cells
47
Define hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis
The process of formation and differentiation of blood cells derived from bone marrow stem cells
48
What do secondary lymphoid organs have a role in
Series of filters monitoring contents of extracellular fluids, and where lymphocytes are activated
49
Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
``` Tonsils Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue Lymph nodes Bone marrow Spleen Peyers patch ```
50
What are the three divisions of innate immunity
Mechanical defences Physical barriers Non specific immune response
51
What are some mechanical defences of the oral cavity
Saliva containing enzymes and antibodies Secondary lymphoid tissues such as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or tonsils Gingival crevicular fluid which contains cytokines, compliment proteins and antibodies
52
Define compliment
A complex system of 20 or more serum proteins interacting with each other to support the antigen, antibody reaction by lysis and phagocytosis of invading organisms
53
What is C3b and what doit play a role in
Compliment protein | Opsonisation- can bind in non specific manner to invading particle
54
What does compliment protein c3a have a role in
Inflammation
55
What are the stages of compliment cascade
Compliment activation of C3 C3 splits into C3a C3b C3b activates C5 C5 splits into C5a C5b Membrane attack complex
56
What is the membrane attack complex and what does it cause
Ring formed by compliment proteins which sticks into membrane and disrupts it, causing lysis
57
What do natural killer cells inject
Perforin and granzyme
58
What are the three types of phagocytes
Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages
59
What are the features of adaptive immunity
Memory Clonal selection and expansion Specificity Cell signalling
60
What are the features of innate immunity
Rapid initial response Phagocytosis Antigen presentation Cell signalling
61
Define diphyodont
Having two successive sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent
62
How many molars in the primary dentition
8
63
How many pre molars in the primary dentition
None
64
What is the maxillary left central incisor of adult teeth in FDI
21
65
What is the upper right first molar of deciduous teeth in FDI
54
66
What is the mandibular right lateral incisor in zsigmondy palmer for deciduous teeth
Lower left B
67
What is the second maxillary right premolar of permanent dentition in zsigmondy palmer
Upper right 5
68
What is the pneumonic for eruption dates
Mama is in power papa cant make mistakes
69
Which tooth has the cusp of carabelle
Upper 6
70
What are class 1,2 and 3 occlusion
class 1 is normal with upper teeth slightly in front of lower class 2 malocclusion is when upper teeth too far forward Class 3 is when upper teeth behind lower teeth
71
What type of epithelium is the mucosa covered in
Stratified squamous
72
What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve and which foramina do they go through
Ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure Maxillary - foramen rotundum Mandibular - foramen ovale
73
What is the SMAS
Superficial layer of facial muscle not attached to bone
74
What is natural active immunity
Specific immune response as a result of person becoming exposed to live pathogen, developing disease and becoming immune by producing antibodies and memory cells
75
What is natural passive immunity
Immunity that mother passes to child through antibodies crossing placenta and antibodies in colostrum
76
What is artificial active immunity
When immune system activated to make antibodies to a safe form of antigen injected into the bloodstream triggering specific immune response and memory
77
What is artificial passive immunity
Antibodies from animal extracted and injected to provide temporary immunity
78
What are live attenuated vaccines
Use weakened form of pathogen
79
What are inactivated vaccines
Use killed version of pathogen
80
What is subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccine
Use specific components of pathogen such as its proteins of capsid Hep b vaccine either recombinant or plasma derived vaccine
81
What are toxoid vaccines
Use toxin produced by pathogen to create immunity to disease causing part of pathogen
82
What are the processes of the maxilla
Frontal Zygomatic Alveolar Palatal
83
Which are the branches of the facial nerve
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```
84
Which foramen does the facial nerve exit
Stylomastoid foramen
85
Name the neuralgia of the CNS | 4
Ependymal cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia
86
Name the neuroglia of the pns | 2
Schwaan cell | Satellite cells
87
Which nerves are not true cranial nerves
Olfactory | Optic
88
What is PAS staining used for
Stains carbohydrate and hydrogen rich molecules
89
What do beta cells secrete | What do alpha cells secrete
Insulin | Glucagon
90
What is a cusp
Elevation on crown making up divisional part of occlusal surface
91
What is a tubercle
Small elevation on proportion of crown produced by extra formation of enamel
92
What is cingulum
Small protuberance in cervical third of palatal aspect of incisor or canine
93
What is a marginal ridge
Enamel elevation forming mesial or distal border of occlusal surface
94
What is central fossa
Depression on occlusal surface of molars formed by convergence of ridges

Dentistry Year 1 (5 decks)

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