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Dentistry Year 1 > Aaron Ackerman > Flashcards

Aaron Ackerman Flashcards

1
Q

What are some symptoms of hep b

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea
Headaches 
Jaundice
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2
Q

What is the median incubation time for heb b

When dose heb b become chronic

A

2.5 months

Around 6 months

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3
Q

What are the complications of chronic hepatitis b

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cirrhosis

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4
Q

How is transmission of hepatitis b minimised

A

PPE
Cross infection control
Vaccine

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5
Q

Which hepatitis b antibody is used in the vaccine

A

HBsAb

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6
Q

What level of antibody must there be during serological testing 6 months after the vaccination course is finished

A

10 IU/L

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7
Q

What are the layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue dense
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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8
Q

What are the four basic tissue types

A

Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective

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9
Q

What are the roles of epithelial tissue

A

Line body cavities and surfaces
Forms glands
Provides protection
Aids diffusion, secretion and filtration

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10
Q

What are properties of epithelial tissue

A

Basement membrane
Non vascularised
Cells divide rapidly
Tightly packed

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11
Q

What are the types and roles of epithelium

A

Simple- lining, diffusion
Stratified- protection
Pseudostratified

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12
Q

What are the roles of connective tissue

A 
Provide support 
Protection 
Act as framework 
Store fat
Produce blood cells 
Fight infection 
Repairs damaged tissue
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13
Q

What are the properties of connective tissue

A

Scattered cells in intracellular matrix
Good blood supply
Cells can reproduce
Contains ground substance

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14
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose irregular /areolar- viscous fluid matrix containing many cells and a loose arrangement of fibres

Dense irregular- viscous fluid matrix containing a dense network of collagenous and elastic fibres which is impact resistant

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15
Q

What are the types of specialised connective tissue

A

Dense regular- densely packed collagen fibres resistant to axially loaded tension forces but has some flexibility

Adipose tissue/fat- large lipid droplets surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm with nuclei pushed to side

Blood- blood plasma and blood cells

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16
Q

Properties of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Slow contraction speed
Unstriated

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17
Q

Properties of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary
Fast contraction speed
Striated

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18
Q

Properties of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary
Very slow contraction speed
Striated
Intercalated disks

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19
Q

What are the two types of neural cell

A

Neurones

Neuroglia

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20
Q

What are the three types of neurone

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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21
Q

What is the function of neuroglia such as schwaan or satellite cells

A

Support, regulation and protection of neurones

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22
Q

What nervous system are most of the cranial nerves part of

A

Peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory 
Optic 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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24
Q

How do nerves exit the cranial cavity

A

Through fissures and foramina

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25
Q

What does the olfactory nerve govern

What does the optic nerve govern

What does the oculomotor nerve govern

A

Smell

Sight

Eye movement and pupil constriction

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26
Q

What does the trochlear nerve govern

What does Trigeminal nerve govern

What does the abducens nerve govern

A

Eye movement

Somatosensory info from head and muscles of mastication

Eye movement

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27
Q

What does the facial nerve govern

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve govern

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve govern

A

Muscles of facial expression, taste

Hearing and balance

Taste, sensory info from tongue, swallowing muscles

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28
Q

What does the vagus nerve govern

What does the accessory nerve govern

What does the hypoglossal nerve govern

A

Sensory, motor and autonomic function of viscera

Muscles of head movement

Muscles of tongue

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29
Q

Which are the mineralised hard tissues of the tooth

4

A

Enamel
Dentine
Cementum
Alveolar bone

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30
Q

What are the non mineralised soft tissues of the tooth

4

A

Gingiva
Pulp
Oral mucosa
Periodontal ligament

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31
Q

What are the four tooth supporting structures

A

Cementum
Alveolar bone
Gingivae
Periodontal ligament

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32
Q

What are the stages of preparing paraffin wax sections

A 
Fixation 
Dehydration 
Embedding in wax
Sectioning on microtome
Drying
De waxing using solvent
Staining
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33
Q

When would frozen sections be used

A

When answers are needed fast for example during surgery

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34
Q

When is ground sectioning used

A

Hard tissues

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35
Q

What does h and e stand for

A

Hematoxylin
And
Eosin

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36
Q

What type of dye is hematoxylin and what does it stain

A

A basic dye

Stains acidic structures purple or blue

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37
Q

What type of dye is eosin and what does it stain

A

Acidic dye

Stains non acidic components pink

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38
Q

How does gram staining work

A

Gram positive bacteria have thicker peptidoglycan cell wall so retain crystal violet

Gram negative bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan cell wall so doesn’t retain as much crystal violet

39
Q

What is the general basis of immunohistochemistry

A

Using antigens to label antibodies with flourescent tag or dye, usually florophore

40
Q

What is the difference between the direct and indirect method of immunohistochemistry

A

Direct
Primary antibody directly conjugated to florophore
Indirect
Primary antibody unconjugated, secondary antibody conjugated and attaches to primary

41
Q

Definition of tissue

A

Collection of similar cells performing specialised function

42
Q

Organ definition

A

Group of tissues adapted to perform specific function

43
Q

Which are bigger out of archaea, protozoa, fungi, parasites

A

Parasites

44
Q

Which are smaller, viruses, intracellular bacteria, extracellular bacteria

A

Viruses

45
Q

Which are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Red bone marrow

Thymus gland

46
Q

What occurs in primary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes are formed and mature, stem cells differentiate into t and b cells

47
Q

Define hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis

A

The process of formation and differentiation of blood cells derived from bone marrow stem cells

48
Q

What do secondary lymphoid organs have a role in

A

Series of filters monitoring contents of extracellular fluids, and where lymphocytes are activated

49
Q

Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs/tissues

A 
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue 
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue 
Lymph nodes 
Bone marrow 
Spleen 
Peyers patch
50
Q

What are the three divisions of innate immunity

A

Mechanical defences
Physical barriers
Non specific immune response

51
Q

What are some mechanical defences of the oral cavity

A

Saliva containing enzymes and antibodies

Secondary lymphoid tissues such as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or tonsils

Gingival crevicular fluid which contains cytokines, compliment proteins and antibodies

52
Q

Define compliment

A

A complex system of 20 or more serum proteins interacting with each other to support the antigen, antibody reaction by lysis and phagocytosis of invading organisms

53
Q

What is C3b and what doit play a role in

A

Compliment protein

Opsonisation- can bind in non specific manner to invading particle

54
Q

What does compliment protein c3a have a role in

A

Inflammation

55
Q

What are the stages of compliment cascade

A

Compliment activation of C3

C3 splits into C3a C3b

C3b activates C5

C5 splits into C5a C5b

Membrane attack complex

56
Q

What is the membrane attack complex and what does it cause

A

Ring formed by compliment proteins which sticks into membrane and disrupts it, causing lysis

57
Q

What do natural killer cells inject

A

Perforin and granzyme

58
Q

What are the three types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

59
Q

What are the features of adaptive immunity

A

Memory
Clonal selection and expansion
Specificity
Cell signalling

60
Q

What are the features of innate immunity

A

Rapid initial response
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Cell signalling

61
Q

Define diphyodont

A

Having two successive sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent

62
Q

How many molars in the primary dentition

A

8

63
Q

How many pre molars in the primary dentition

A

None

64
Q

What is the maxillary left central incisor of adult teeth in FDI

A

21

65
Q

What is the upper right first molar of deciduous teeth in FDI

A

54

66
Q

What is the mandibular right lateral incisor in zsigmondy palmer for deciduous teeth

A

Lower left B

67
Q

What is the second maxillary right premolar of permanent dentition in zsigmondy palmer

A

Upper right 5

68
Q

What is the pneumonic for eruption dates

A

Mama is in power papa cant make mistakes

69
Q

Which tooth has the cusp of carabelle

A

Upper 6

70
Q

What are class 1,2 and 3 occlusion

A

class 1 is normal with upper teeth slightly in front of lower

class 2 malocclusion is when upper teeth too far forward

Class 3 is when upper teeth behind lower teeth

71
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucosa covered in

A

Stratified squamous

72
Q

What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve and which foramina do they go through

A

Ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - foramen rotundum
Mandibular - foramen ovale

73
Q

What is the SMAS

A

Superficial layer of facial muscle not attached to bone

74
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

Specific immune response as a result of person becoming exposed to live pathogen, developing disease and becoming immune by producing antibodies and memory cells

75
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

Immunity that mother passes to child through antibodies crossing placenta and antibodies in colostrum

76
Q

What is artificial active immunity

A

When immune system activated to make antibodies to a safe form of antigen injected into the bloodstream triggering specific immune response and memory

77
Q

What is artificial passive immunity

A

Antibodies from animal extracted and injected to provide temporary immunity

78
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines

A

Use weakened form of pathogen

79
Q

What are inactivated vaccines

A

Use killed version of pathogen

80
Q

What is subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccine

A

Use specific components of pathogen such as its proteins of capsid

Hep b vaccine either recombinant or plasma derived vaccine

81
Q

What are toxoid vaccines

A

Use toxin produced by pathogen to create immunity to disease causing part of pathogen

82
Q

What are the processes of the maxilla

A

Frontal
Zygomatic
Alveolar
Palatal

83
Q

Which are the branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic 
Buccal 
Mandibular 
Cervical
84
Q

Which foramen does the facial nerve exit

A

Stylomastoid foramen

85
Q

Name the neuralgia of the CNS

4

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

86
Q

Name the neuroglia of the pns

2

A

Schwaan cell

Satellite cells

87
Q

Which nerves are not true cranial nerves

A

Olfactory

Optic

88
Q

What is PAS staining used for

A

Stains carbohydrate and hydrogen rich molecules

89
Q

What do beta cells secrete

What do alpha cells secrete

A

Insulin

Glucagon

90
Q

What is a cusp

A

Elevation on crown making up divisional part of occlusal surface

91
Q

What is a tubercle

A

Small elevation on proportion of crown produced by extra formation of enamel

92
Q

What is cingulum

A

Small protuberance in cervical third of palatal aspect of incisor or canine

93
Q

What is a marginal ridge

A

Enamel elevation forming mesial or distal border of occlusal surface

94
Q

What is central fossa

A

Depression on occlusal surface of molars formed by convergence of ridges

Dentistry Year 1 (5 decks)

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