Ab/Ag Blood Groups

Question 1

What is step 1 of Immunochromatographic assay?

Answer 1

Ag binds to a labeled monoclonal Ab

Question 2

What is step 2 of Immunochromatographic assay?

Answer 2

Immobilized antibody captures Ag-Ab complex

Question 3

What is step 3 of Immunochromatographic assay?

Answer 3

The formation of the Ab-Ag-Ab sandwich causes a colored line to appear in the test zone

Question 4

What is step 4 of Immunochromatographic assay?

Answer 4

Free monoclonal Ab binds to immobilized antiglobulin in the control zone

Question 5

Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein molecule, meaning that it has 4 polypeptide chains that are held together in a helical formation. One heme group is then associated with each chain protein chain. What is the composition of these protein chains?

Answer 5

2 alpha + 2 beta chains

Question 6

True or False:
Type “O” cells added directly to a stain containing only “H” antigens will show agglutination.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Prior to DNA analysis, many forensic serology tests for bodily fluid identification relied heavily on an individual’s ______________________ status, or the ability to find one’s blood types in other body fluids (e.g. saliva/semen).

Answer 7

Secretor

Question 8

Many forensic body fluid identification tests look for the activity of a specific enzyme. In contrast, antigen/antibody based tests simply look for the __________________ of a specific antigen/antibody molecule.

Answer 8

Presence

Question 9

Blood essentially has two component parts: ________________ and ________________

Answer 9

Plasma and Cells

Question 10

A person with only “A” antigens on their red blood cells would have ____________ antibodies in their serum.

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are obtained through different manufacturing processes. Both types of antibody will bind to a single, specific protein; however,
_________
antibodies will bind to many epitopes while
___________
antibodies will bind to only one epitope.

Answer 11

Polyclonal, monoclonal

Question 12

Using the frequencies (%) below, what are the chances that a randomly chosen person from the general population would have type AB-negative blood?
ABO: A (42%), B (12%), AB (3%), O (43%)
Rh: + (85%), - (15%)
Answer = 1 in ______________________

Answer 12

222

Question 13

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are obtained through different manufacturing processes. Both types of antibody will bind to a single, specific protein; however,
_________
antibodies are produced by collecting antiserum while
__________
antibodies are produced by collecting B cells and manufacturing hybridomas.

Answer 13

Polyclonal, Monoclonal

Question 14

If a blood sample is exposed to anti-B and agglutination occurs, the person’s blood type could be…

Answer 14

B or AB

Question 15

The ABO blood group system is fairly well-known by the general population, but it is not the only blood group typing system. List at least two additional blood group systems that can or have been used for forensic purposes.

Answer 15

Haptoglobin, Rhesus, Transferrin

Question 16

What is an antigen?

Answer 16

Any substance that stimulates an immune response, A molecule that reacts with an antibody, Antigens can be molecules like proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc., A molecule that elicits antibody formation, Antigens can be found on the surface of a cell or can be secreted into bodily fluids (i.e. free-floating)

Question 17

True or False:
The color/size of a bloodstain (i.e. the redder the stain) can be directly used to assess or estimate the quantity of the DNA that one should expect to obtain.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Using the frequencies (%) below, what percentage of the population can be excluded from having the blood type O+?
ABO: A (42%), B (12%), AB (3%), O (43%)
Rh: +(85%), -(15%)

Answer 18

63.45%

Question 19

Monoclonal

Answer 19

one type of antibody that reacts with a single epitope of an antigen

Question 20

Epitope

Answer 20

the molecular structure of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody

Question 21

Bivalent

Answer 21

both antigen binding sites of the antibody can bind antigen at the same time

Question 22

Monovalent

Answer 22

an antibody that can only bind one antigen at one binding site at a time

Question 23

Multivalent

Answer 23

having more than one epitope

Question 24

Polyclonal

Answer 24

a whole bunch of different antibodies that all bind to the same antigen but in different places

Question 25

What is an antibody? (Check all that apply)

Answer 25

An immunoglobulin capable of binding to antigens and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, Proteins also known as immunoglobulins, Proteins produced by B cells as part of an immune reponse, Tetrameric proteins that consist of 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds, Polypeptides linked by disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule