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Intro to Anatomy week 1 chapter 1 notes > Abbreviations and common terminology > Flashcards

Abbreviations and common terminology Flashcards

1
Q

MOHO

A

Model of Human Occupation

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2
Q

CMOP-E

A

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement

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3
Q

PEO

A

Person - Environment - Occupation

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4
Q

ADLs

A

Activities of daily living

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5
Q

Front of an anatomical region

A

Ventral

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6
Q

Close towards the body’s midline

A

Medial

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7
Q

Away from the bodies midline

A

Lateral

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8
Q

Midsagittal plane in the center of body

A

Midline

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9
Q

Towards the trunk

A

Proximal

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10
Q

Away from the trunk

A

Distal

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11
Q

Thumb is located on the radial aspect of the hand

A

Radial

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12
Q

Small finger is located on the ulnar aspect of the hand

A

Ulnar

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13
Q

Other word for above

A

Superior

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14
Q

Other word for below

A

Inferior

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15
Q

Direction of the skull (upper)

A

Cranial

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16
Q

Direction of the tail (Lower)

A

Caudel

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17
Q

Same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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18
Q

Opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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19
Q

Attachment that moves the least upon contraction

A

Origin

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20
Q

More movable attachment

A

Insertion

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21
Q

General term not specifying origin or insertion for a muscular connection to the bone.

A

Attachment

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22
Q

Physical touch

A

Palpitation

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23
Q

Features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin.

A

Surface anatomy

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24
Q

A specific component of a bone that protrudes beneath the skin

A

Bony landmark

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25
Q

The study of anatomy and mechanics in relation to human movement

A

Kinesiology

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26
Q

Divides the body in right and left sides

A

Sagittal plane

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27
Q

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions and usually involves abduction and adduction.

A

Frontal plane (Coronal)

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28
Q

Divides the body into inferior and superior portions.

A

Transverse plane

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29
Q

The cooperative, interdependent movement of the segments and joints of the body. Can occur in closed chain and open chains depending on the movement pattern.

A

Kinetic chain

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30
Q

Any push or pull of matter.

A

Force

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31
Q

Pulling force

A

Tensile force

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32
Q

Pushing force

A

Compressive force

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33
Q

Weight of the body or external object being carried.

A

Resistive force

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34
Q

Internal force generated by muscles.

A

Exerted force

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35
Q

A muscles ability to rotate a joint

A

Moment/Torque

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36
Q

The specific motion that a muscle can generate at a particular joint.

A

Action

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37
Q

The distance from axis (Joint) to the force acting upon it (Muscle)

A

Moment arm

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38
Q

The farther the position of the muscle and its generated force are from the axis of rotation (Joint), the greater the mechanical advantage or leverage the muscle will have on the joint.

A

Mechanical advantage

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39
Q

Exerted force and resistive force are on opposite sides of an axis. (The human neck)

A

First class lever

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40
Q

Configured with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of the axis.

A

Second class lever & third class levers

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41
Q

Resistive forces are closer to the lever than exerted force.

A

Second class lever

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42
Q

The biceps exert tensile force just distal to the axis of the elbow, while the resistive force is the weight of the extremity or object being carried by the forearm or hand.

A

Third class lever

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43
Q

The force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it.

A

Joint reaction force

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44
Q

The ability to stretch and return to the original shape after tensile force is removed.

A

Elasticity

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45
Q

The amount of applied force per area, such as pounds per square inch.

A

Stress

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46
Q

Amount of material displacement under specific amount of stress.

A

Strain

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47
Q

The return to normal shape after strain.

A

Elastic

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48
Q

Permanent rupture or deformation.

A

Load to failure

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49
Q

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure.

A

Yield point

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50
Q

Response of tissue beyond the yield point.

A

Stiffness

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51
Q

More malleable tissue deformation

A

Plastic deformation

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52
Q

Response to permanent loss of baseline tissue length.

A

Joint instability

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53
Q

Examines the structure, function and motion of the biological systems that make up a living organism.

A

Biomechanics

54
Q

Contains variable proportions of key ingredients such as collagen and calcium depending on location within the body.

A

Bony matrix

55
Q

Has greater mineral content than collagen. (Found in long bones such as humerus and femur.

A

Cortical bone

56
Q

Higher in collagen content and is found within the marrow cavity and at the ends of long bones (femoral head)

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

57
Q

Generated by the foot coming into contact with the ground and moves upwards through the legs into the trunk.

A

Ascending force

58
Q

Generated by the weight of the body or an object being lifted and moves downwards through the trunk into the lower body.

A

Descending force

59
Q

Dense connective tissue that supplies a cushion to absorb repetitive compression forces between bones.

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

60
Q

Extracellular matrix made up of water, collagen, proteoglycans and specialized cells called chondrocytes.

A

ECM

61
Q

Degeneration of cartilage within a joint.

A

Osteoarthritis

62
Q

Connect bone to bone (stability to the joints of the body)

A

Ligaments

63
Q

Connect muscle to bone (Transfer the force of muscle contraction to bone for joint movement)

A

Tendons

64
Q

Forms a dense fibrous sleeve around a synovial (moving) joint, giving it a degree of passive stability.

A

Joint capsule

65
Q

A broad fibrous insertion that often connects adjacent muscles (aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles that forms the rectus sheath.

A

Aponeurosis

66
Q

Three types of muscles:

A
  • Skeletal (striated)
  • Cardiac (heart)
  • Smooth (Visceral)
67
Q

Moves the bones of the skeleton, supplying force for purposeful movement of the body.

A

Skeletal muscle

68
Q

Forms the muscular components (myocardium) of the heart. (Contains 1 nucleus)

A

Cardiac muscle

69
Q

Musculature within internal organs such as the intestines. (non-striated and involuntary)

A

Smooth muscle

70
Q

Contains capillaries and nerve fibers that innervate and supply individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

71
Q

Groups of muscles that are wrapped in connective tissue forming the entire muscle. Allows muscle extensibility and the ability to be stretched.

A

Perimysium & epimysium

72
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Myofibrils

73
Q

Myofibrils that are divided into segments

A

Sarcomeres

74
Q

Thicker filaments

A

Myosin

75
Q

Thin muscle filaments

A

Actin

76
Q

Notes the midpoint of myosin filaments along the central horizontal shaft of each sarcomere.

A

M line

77
Q

Form a stabilizing border around the myosin.

A

Titin filaments

78
Q

Located on opposing ends of the sarcomere which connect the actin filaments and delineate one sarcomere from the next.

A

Z discs

79
Q

Divided skeletal muscle fibers each composed of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates.

A

Motor units

80
Q

The cross section of muscle at its widest point.

A

Physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)

81
Q

Muscles in which the fibers are oriented obliquely (slanted) to the tendon.

A

Pennate muscles

82
Q

What type of muscle is the deltoid?

A

Multipennate

83
Q

What type of muscle is the Lumbricals?

A

Bipennate

84
Q

What type of muscle is the semimembranosus?

A

Unipennate

85
Q

Fibers arranged parallel to the line of force (sternocleidomastoid)

A

Fusiform muscles

86
Q

The idea that a muscles strength is relative to its length at the time of contraction.

A

Length tension relationship

87
Q

Noncontractile (passive) tissues within the muscle.

A

Fascia

88
Q

Limp muscle.

A

Flaccid

89
Q

A muscle with increased tone due to unregulated contractile signals coming from the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Hypertonia

90
Q

Decreasing in length because there is no force requiring elongation.

A

Adaptive shortening

91
Q

Loss of passive motion at the joint.

A

Joint contracture

92
Q

Elongated encapsulated structures (3-4mm in length) located within muscle fibers that signal changes in muscle length/ amount / rate of strain and contributes to proprioception.

A

Muscle spindles

93
Q

Contracts muscle if it is overstretched.

A

Phasic stretch reflex

94
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle producing the desired motion

95
Q

Slender encapsulated structures located at the junction of muscle and tendon. They inform the brain of muscle force contraction and may trigger a protective reflex with overstretched, relaxing the agonist muscle to prevent damage to the tendon.

A

Golgi tendon organ

96
Q

Type 1 fibers capable of low force sustained over a long period of time and are more resistant to fatigue.

A

Slow twitch fibers

97
Q

Type 2 fibers capable of generating powerful contraction for intense, focused movements but fatigue quickly.

A

Fast twitch fibers

98
Q

Learned patterns of motion.

A

Motor memory

99
Q

Generates the most force to produce the motion.

A

Prime mover (agonist)

100
Q

Muscles that would normally act to produce the contrary movement need to relax.

A

Antagonists

101
Q

Muscles that provide stability

A

Fixators

102
Q

Muscles that assist the prime mover

A

Synergists

103
Q

Muscles acting in different directions to produce the same motion or stabilize a joint. (Scapula upwards rotation involves the upper trapezius, serratus anterior and lower trapezius.

A

Force couple

104
Q

Muscle contraction without a change in length

A

Isometric

105
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

Eccentric (lengthen) and Concentric (shortening).

106
Q

Describes how quickly force is applied to the body tissue.

A

Load rate

107
Q

The inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through its full range of motion.

A

Passive insufficiency

108
Q

Once adjacent fibers have maximally shortened, the muscle cannot contract any further.

A

Active insufficiency

109
Q

The connection of synovial, fibrous or cartilaginous between the bones.

A

Joint (articulation)

110
Q

Mobile joints of the body that allow for purposeful movement.

A

Synovial joints

111
Q

(sutures of the skull).

A

Fibrous joints

112
Q

Name for joint such as the pubic symphysis which provides stability.

A

Cartilaginous joints

113
Q

Specific position of a joint in which there is maximal contact between articular surfaces and maximal tension on the surrounding ligaments. (close pack position of the knee is full extension).

A

Close pack position

114
Q

Position of least surface contact and laxity of the surrounding ligaments, enhancing the mobility of the joint.

A

Open pack position

115
Q

Hinge joint allows for 2 motions of flexion and extension.

A

Uniaxial

116
Q

Refers to the number of axes around which a synovial joint moves.

A

Degrees of freedom

117
Q

Surface of one bone fits into the concave depression of another bone. This type of joint is the most mobile, able to rotate around at least three distinct axes.

A

Ball and socket

118
Q

Consists of the Oval shaped convex end of one bone articulated with the elliptical concave basin of another bone. This type of joint permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction or radial/ulna deviation around 2 axes of motion. An example is the wrist.

A

Ellipsoid joint

119
Q

Hinge joint

A

Permits only flexion and extension around a single axis, similar to the movements of a door hinge. Hinge joints tend to have collateral ligaments that limit medial and lateral movement.

120
Q

A modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces like 2 saddles moving around 2 axes. The Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a classic example of saddle joint.

A

Saddle joint

121
Q

Typically found between 2 flat surfaces of adjacent bones and allows the least movement of all synovial joints. This type of articulation does not rotate around an axis, but instead demonstrates translation gliding movements between bone services, such as between the carpal bones with the motion of the wrist.

A

Gliding joint

122
Q

Features a single axis, with one bone rotating around another. The atlantoaxial joint is formed by a pivot joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, providing rotation of the head and neck.

A

Pivot joint

123
Q

The gross movement of bones in relation to one another, and is usually visible externally.

A

Osteokinematics

124
Q

Other word for rotation

A

Roll

125
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Smaller movements (internal joint patterns) that occur between the surface of the bones that form the joint.

126
Q

Motion that cannot be achieved by voluntary muscle force alone.

A

Accessory motion

127
Q

Come together

A

Compress:

128
Q

Pull away

A

Distract

129
Q

Move parallel to one another

A

Glide

130
Q

A joint exhibiting axial rotation.

A

Spin

131
Q

The way a joint feels in the hands.

A

End feel

Intro to Anatomy week 1 chapter 1 notes (5 decks)

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