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PACES > Abdo > Flashcards

Abdo Flashcards

1
Q

General inspection in abdo exam

A

Jaundice
Nutritional status- obese or malnourished
Exposed ideally from xiphoid to symphysis pubis

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2
Q

Hands in abdo exam

A

Clubbing
Palmar erythema
Koilonychia
Leukonychia
Dupyutrens contracture

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3
Q

Face and mouth in abdo exam

A

Jaundice
Kayser fleischer rings
Apthous ulcers
Angular stomatitis
Macroglossia
Conjunctival pallor
Xanthelasma

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4
Q

Chest in abdo exam

A

Spider naevi
Gynaecomastia

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5
Q

Scars for abdomen

A

Kochers- subcostal on right side
Midline laparotomy
Gridiron- appendicectomy
Rutherford morrison- renal transplant
Point incision scars for laparascopic ports
Subumbilical- hernia repairs
Mercedes benz- liver transplant

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6
Q

Causes of hepatomegaly

A

Alcoholic liver disease
NAFLD
Primary or secondary mets
Viral hepatitis
Sarcoid
Amyloid
Congestive heart failure

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7
Q

Causes of splenomegaly

A

Haem- CML, myelofibrosis
Infection- TB, malaria, leishmaniasis
Portal hypertension
Infilitrative- sarcoid
SLE, feltys syndrome

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8
Q

Causes of palpable kidneys

A

PCKD
Renal cysts
RCC
Amyloid

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9
Q

How complete abdominal exam

A

Hernial orifices
External genitalia
DRE
Urine dip
Full history

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10
Q

How examine a stoma

A

Assess location and attempt to define the type of stoma
Inspect skin around stoma- look for fistulas, signs of infection or parastomal hernia

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11
Q

What looking for in arm of abdo exam

A

AV fistula
Track marks
Itching
Tattoos

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12
Q

Laparoscopy scar differentials

A

Stomach- fundoplication,cardiomyotomy
Hepatobiliary procedures- cholecystectomy
Bowel procedures- appendectomy, bowel resection
Gynaecological- myomectomy, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, salpingectomy

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13
Q

Types of colostomy

A

Loop and end- ileostomy- spouted, loop will have 2 lumen
End colostomy- not spouted

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14
Q

RIF mass causes

A

Renal transplant
Ovarian cyst
Appendiceal mass
Caecal cancer
Psoas abscess
Lymphadenopathy- TB, yersinia
Ovarian cancer
Undescended testicles

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15
Q

LIF masses cause

A

Ovarian cancer/cysts
Lymphadenopathy- TB, yersinia
Abscess
Undescended testicles
Diverticulitis
Colon cancer
Psoas abscess
Renal transplant

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16
Q

Splenomegaly causes

A

Haematological conditions- CML, myelofibrosis, sequestration in SCD, lymphoma
Trauma leading to haemorrhage
Portal HTN
Infections- EBV, malaria, endocarditis, TB, leishmaniasis
Gaucher disease

17
Q

Hepatomegaly causes

A

Malignancy- primary cancer, or benign masses, mets
Vascular- HF, budd chiari
Infiltrative- sarcoid, haemochromatosis, wilsons
Glycogen storage diseases
Infective- hepatitis viruses, malaria
Metabolic- alcohol, NAFLD

18
Q

Midline laparotomy causes

A

Emergency surgeries- bowel obstruction, ischaemic bowel, diverticulitis, aortic aneuryms repairs, gynae procedures- ectopic and torsion
Bowel resections

19
Q

Scars for appendecetomy and which one preferred plus why

A

Gridiron and lanz at mcburneys point
Lanz- transverse
Gridiron- oblique
Lanz preferred as better aesthetically due to continuation with langers line

20
Q

What are most common causes of kidney transplant

A

DM
Glomerulonephritis
PCKD
HTN

21
Q

Scars to look for in kidney transplant

A

Tesio line
AV fistula
Peritoneal dialysis
J scar

22
Q

Types of kidney transplant and how long last

A

Live- 20-25
Donor- 15-20

23
Q

Indications for kidney transplant

A

Acquired- DM, HTN, glomerulonephritis
- vasculitis- granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophillic, microsopic
- post strep, IgA
- SLE
Inherited- alport, PCKD

24
Q

Types of stoma

A

Ileostomy- end or loop
Colostomy- end or loop
Urostomy with ileal conduit

25
Q

CKD general management

A

Split into preventing progression and complications and then managing complications
Conservative- low phosphate and potassium diet
Medical- statin as high IHD risk, ACEi reduces perfusion, SGLT2i prevents fibrosis
Invasive procedures once reach stage 5- dialysis and transplant
Managing complications
- bone disease
- phosphate
- anaemia
- acidosis
- hypocalcaemia
- HTN

26
Q

Dialysis of complications

A

Short term
- hypoglycaemia
- hypotension
Longer term
- electrolyte imbalances
- fluid balance problems
- related to delivery method

27
Q

Complications of AV fistula

A

Aneurysm
Infection
Thrombosis
Stenosis
STEAL syndrome
High-output heart failure

28
Q

Main 2 complications of tunnelled cuffed catheter dialysis

A

On insertion
- bleeding
- pneumothorax
Longer term
- Infection
- Clots

29
Q

Complications of peritoneal dialysis

A

Peritonitis
Weight gain
Hernias
Less effective over time

PACES (11 decks)

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