Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PACES > Abdo > Flashcards

Abdo Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Achalasia Definition

A

Focal motility disorder due to degeneration of myenteric plexus of Auerbach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Achalasia Radiology findings

A

Proximal dilatation of the oesophagus with smooth distal tapering and characteristic Bird’s Beak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Achalasia Investigations

A

Barium swallow
Manometry (failure to relax and decreased peristalsis)
OGD to exclude oesophageal SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Achalasia Management

A

Medical: CCBs and Nitrates
Interventional: Botox and Endoscopic Balloon Dilatiation
Surgical: Heller’s Cardiomyotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Oesophageal Cancer Risk Factors

A 
GORD-->Barrett's
alcohol
smoking
Achalasia
Plummer-Vinson
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Truelove and Witt Criteria for IBD Exacerbation

A 
'She Hasn't Even Finished Pooping!'
Stools >6 per day
Hb 30
Fever >37.8
Pulse Rate >90
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

UC Indications for Surgery

A

Acute:
Megacolon
Perforation
Severe GI bleed

Chronic:
Malignancy
Medical management failed
Maturation failure in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crohn’s Indications for Surgery

A

Acute:
Obstruction secondary to stricture
Perforation
Severe GI bleed

Chronic:
Peri-anal disease
Intra-abdominal abscess
Medical management failed
Fistulae (enterocutaneous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diverticulum Definition

A

Outpouching of tubular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Saint’s Triad

A

Diverticular Disease
Hiatus Hernia
Cholelithiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hinchey Grading for Diverticulitis and Mx

A
  1. Small Pericolic Abscess
  2. Large Abscess extending to pelvis
    - -> NBM, antibiotics, fluids
  3. Purulent Peritonitis–> Washout
  4. Faecal Peritonitis–> Hartmann’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complications of Diverticular Disease

A

Luminal:
Obstruction

Mural:
Diverticulitis
ulceration
Perforation
Haemorrhage
Abscess

Extramural:
fistula (eg bladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Small Bowel Obstruction Causes

A

Commonest:
Adhesions
Hernias
Ileus

Also: Intraluminal, Mural, Extramural, Ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Large Bowel Obstruction Causes

A

Commonest:
Carcinoma
Diverticular Stricture
Volvulus

Also: Intraluminal, Mural, Extramural, Ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glasgow Criteria for Pancreatitis

A 
PANCREAS
PaO2  55
Neutrophils >15
Calcium 16
Enzymes LDH>600, AST>200
Albumin 10

Mild=1, Moderate=2, Severe=3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gallstone Complications

A 
In the gallbladder:
Biliary colic
Acute or chronic cholecystitis
Mucocele
Carcinoma

In the Common Bile Duct:
Obstructive Jaundice
Pancreatitis
Cholangitis

In the gut:
Gallstone ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lap Cholecystectomy Indications

A

Cholecystitis
Biliary Colic
Gallbladder Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lap Chole Complications

A 
Conversion to open
Common Bile Duct Injur
Bile Leak
Retained Stones
Intra-abdominal haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Jaundice after Lap Chole, Causes

A

Gallstone Retention
Biliary Sepsis
Thermal injury during op
Ligation to common hepatic or common bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease Genetics

A

Autosomal Dominant:
PKD1: Chr 16 coding for Polycystin 1
PKD2: Chr 4 coding for Polycystin 2

Autosomal Recessive:
rarer and presents in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease Complications

A

MISSHAPE

Mass
Infected Cysts
Systolic Murmur
Systolic BP elevated
Haematuria
Aneurysms predisposing to Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Polyuria and Nocturia
Extrarenal cysts eg in Liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes renal enlargement

A

PHONOS

PKD
Hypertrophy due to renal agenesis
Obstruction
Neoplasia
Occlusion secondary to renal vein thrombosis
Systemic disease eg DM or Amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Haemodialysis Complications

A 
Failure
Ischaemia (Steal Syndrome)
Bleeding
Aneurysm
Taking blood no longer possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chronic Renal Failure Complications

A 
REACH-O
Renal Osteodystrophy
Electrolyte Abnormalities
Anaemia
Cardiovascular Problems
Hypertension
Oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
5 Functions of the Kidney
``` Excretion of Water Soluble Waste Excretion of Water Acid Base Homeostasis Electrolyte Control Endocrine: RAAS, EPO, Vit D ```
26
Renal Transplant Indications
Diabetic Nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Polycystic Kidney Disease Hypertensive Nephropathy
27
Renal Transplant Contraindications
Active Infection Cancer Severe Comorbidity Failed Crossmatch
28
Renal Transplant Immunosuppression
Pre-Op: Campath/ Alemtuzumab Post-Op: Short term Prednisolone Long term Tacrolimus or Ciclosporin
29
Renal Transplant Complications
Post Op Bleeding, Infection, Urinary Leaks, Graft Thrombosis Rejection Drug Toxicity Graft vs Host Disease
30
Ileus: Definition and Causes
Obstruction in the intestines due to absence of peristalsis. ``` Post-op Pancreatitis Peritonitis Metabolic Poisons ```
31
Stoma complications
Early: HIPS High output, haemorrhage Ischaemia Parastomal Abscess ``` Late: POSH Prolapse Obstruction Stricture or Stenosis Hernia ```
32
Staging for Colorectal Cancer
``` Duke's A= confined to bowel wall B= through bowel wall but no lymph nodes C= regional lymph nodes D= distant mets ```
33
P-POSSUM
Scoring system integrating patient's physiological factors and operative factors to predict operative morbidity and mortality
34
Sphincters of the Oesophagus
3 components: LOS (4cm long) Extrinsic sphincter Physiologic sphincter
35
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Autosomal dominant, APC gene on 5q21 Thousands Adenomatous by age 16, need prophylactic colectomy by 20 as 100% risk cancer by 40. If J pouch need lifelong surveillance Endoscopic screening for stomach and duodenal cancers too
36
Colorectal cancer screening
60-75 years FOB testing every 2 years home testing kit. Positive samples=== colonoscopy 55-60 years = one off flexi sigmoidoscopy
37
Bariatric surgery
Endoscopic balloon Gastric banding Sleeve gastrostomy Roux en Y bypass-- small gastric pouch connected to jejunum Biliopancratic divesion (Can be divided into restrictive and malabsorptive)
38
Complications of bariatric surgery
``` Immediate: Anaesthetic complications (high ASA grade) Damage to surrounding structures ``` Early: Anastomotic leak--> peritonitis Haemorrhage VTE ``` Late: Strictures Nutritional deficiencies Dumping syndrome (rapid gastric emptying) Gallstones ```
39
Type of cell type in colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma
40
Causes for a liver transplant
Cirrhosis Acute Liver Failure (Hep A or B, Paracetamol Overdose) Malignancy Autoimmune disease (Haemachromatosis, PBC)
41
Immunosuppression regimen for liver transplant
Tacrolimus/Ciclosporin Azathioprine Prednisolone with or without withdrawal at 3 months
42
Liver tumours
90% are Mets from Stomach, lung, colon, breast, uterus | 90% of Primaries are Hepatocellular Carcinomas
43
Causes + Mx of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Viral Hepatitis Cirrhosis Exposure to Aflatoxins (Aspergillus) ``` Resect tumour (but 50% recur) Chemo, percutaneous ablation and embolisation ```
44
Presentation of PBC
``` Intrahepatic bile duct destruction by chronic granulomatous inflammation leading to cirrhosis PPBBCC+S Pruritis Pigmentation of face Bone osteoporosis and osteomalacia Big Organs (Hepatosplenomegaly) Cirrhosis and coagulopathy Cholesterol increase Steatorhhoea ```
45
Management of PBC
Symptomatic: pruritis (Cholestyramine), Diarrhoea, Osteoporosis Specific: ADEK, Ursodeoxicholic acid Liver transplant
46
How do you prepare patient for a stoma?
Discussion of indications and complications Liaison with Stoma Nurse to discuss siting
47
Ileal conduit
Ureters attached to a portion of resected ileum which is exteriorised to form a spouted stoma
48
Indiana pouch
Pouch created from 2 feet of resected ascending colon and portion of ileum which includes ileocaecal valve. Ureters anastomosed to colonic end and ileal end exteriorised with valve
49
Complications of a J pouch
``` Mechanical: fistulae, strictures Inflammation Infection Dysplasia or Neoplasia Systemic: anemia or malnutrition Recurrence ```
50
Common surgeries for management of Crohns
Ileocaecectomy Drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses Stricturoplasty Colonic de functioning for failed medical therapy
51
Causes of post operative jaundice
Pre hepatic: Haemolytic after a transfusion Hepatic: Halogenated anaesthetics Sepsis Intra or post operative hypotension Post-hepatic: Biliary injury
52
Causes of ascites
Serum ascites albumin gradient>1.1g/dl = TRANSUDATE Cirrhosis Congestive cardiac Failure SAAG
53
Management of ascites
General: Alcohol abstinence Daily weights aiming for less than half kilo reduction Fluid restriction to
54
Indications for therapeutic paracentesis
Respiratory compromise Pain or discomfort Renal impairment
55
Complications of therapeutic paracentesis
Severe hypovolaemia, replenish albumin | Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
56
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Ascites and peritonitic abdomen. Polymorphs>250. Common organisms e.coli, klebsiella and streps Give tazocin until sensitivities known
57
Differentials for gum Hypertrophy
``` Familial AML Drugs: Ciclosporin, Nifedipine, phenytoin Scurvy Pregnancy ```
58
Side effects of Ciclosporin
Nephrotoxic Gum Hypertrophy Hypetrichosis Liver dysfunction
59
Side effects of Tacrolimus
Less nephrotoxic compared to Calcineurin Diabetogenic Peripheral neuropathy Cardiomyopathy
60
Complications of peritoneal dialysis
``` Peritonitis Exit site infection Catheter malfunction Obesity from glucose in dialysiate Mechanical: hernias and back pain ```
61
Complications of Haemodialysis
Diseauilibration syndrome( first time): rapid changes in plasma osmolarity lead to cerebral oedema Fluid balance changes: blood pressure drop and pulmonary oedema Electrolyte imbalances Aluminium toxicity Psychological factors
62
What is an AV fistula?
Surgically created anastomosis between artery and a vein
63
Medical management of UC
Induction: 5ASAs then prednisolone then Ciclosporin/Infliximab Topical enemas or foams (5ASAs or Prednisolone) Maintenance: 5ASA, then Azathioprine then Infliximab/Adalimumab
64
Medical management Crohns
Induction: If ileocaecal: budesonide. If colitis: sulfasalazine. Then prednisolone, then methotrexate then Infliximab/Adalimumab Maintenance: Azathioprine, then Methotrexate, then Infliximab/Adalimumab

PACES (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions