Abdo Genitourinary

Question 1

What does HSG stand for?

Answer 1

Hystersalpingogram

Question 2

What is a HSG for?

Answer 2

to examine patency of fallopian tubes.

Question 3

What CM is used for SG and what is the name of the spillage of CM into pelvic cavitiy

Answer 3

Iodinated

Extravasation

Question 4

What is the alternate examination for HSG

Answer 4

HyCoSy

Question 5

What is typical presentation for testicular US?

What has typically occurred?

Why is it a priority?

Answer 5

Pain, mass infection or TORSION

twisting of spermatic cord (vas deferences, pampiniform plexus, internal spermatic aa.)

Torsion has at best, a 6 hour window to resolve.

Question 6

What does KUB stand for in abdominal imaging?

Answer 6

KUB abdo = Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder abdo.

Question 7

What is another name for a nephrogram?

Answer 7

coned kidneys

Question 8

why is a nephrogram used?

Answer 8

To reduce dose to reproductive organs

Question 9

What does IVP stand for?

Answer 9

Intravenous Pyelogram

Question 10

what is an IVP used for?

Answer 10

injection of iodine into ureters to asses filling defects in ureter.

No longer relevant as superseded by CT.

Question 11

What is the alternative to IVP?

Answer 11

KUB CT

Question 12

what does KUB CT examine?

Answer 12

kiidney stones
renal colic (loin to groin pain)
Assess renal function post transplant.

Question 13

Explain the mitchurating cystogram

Answer 13

CM injected into bladder and patient is imaged whilst peeing.
will check for VUJ reflux (vesicoureteric junction)

typically use obliques to better visulaise the VUJ

Can assess retrograde flow through the CUJ and up the uretera.

If residual CM found after urination then can be indicative of UTI.

Question 14

WHat is loin to groin pain an indication of?

Answer 14

kidney stones

Question 15

WHat is urolithiasis?

Answer 15

kidney stones

Question 16

other than general xray what can be used to assess urolithiasis?

Answer 16

low dose KUB CT

Question 17

Name the common kidney abnormalities

Answer 17

hypoplastic kidney: Smaller than usual (hypoplaysia).

Dysplastic kidney: Unusual shape (dysplasia)

Horseshoe kidney: kidneys fail to sperate

Crossed renal ectopia: both kidneys on one side.

Ectopic: kidneys fail to ascend and sit in pelvic cavity.

Question 18

what happens to the remaining kidney if one is removed?

Answer 18

hypertrophy

Question 19

How can we assess if a bladder stone is trapped?

Answer 19

Typically in VUJ.

do a supine and prone series.

Question 20

what is cholelithiasis?

Answer 20

Gallstones

Question 21

Which size gallstones are the worst?

Answer 21

medium as they are small enough to leave GB but big enough to cause a bloackage,

Question 22

What does ERCP stand for?

Answer 22

Endoscopic Retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Question 23

what is investigated and process of an ERCP?

Answer 23

Patient is sedated/ twilight sedated and patient is placed into a RPO (right side raised 15 deg)

endoscope is pushed through to duod at the ampulla of vater - sphincter of oddi

catherter pushed into CBD and CM injected to fill ducts and GB..

Question 24

WHy is patient in a RPO in a ERCP?

Answer 24

to project HB off the spine.

Question 25

What is a cholelithiais and a choloeodocolithasis?

Answer 25

Cholelithiasis = GB stones -docolithasis = GB stones in CBD

Question 26

Where to postion II for ERCP?

Answer 26

so top of II curve is at diaprgam.

Question 27

OTher than gallstones , what other pathology is common during this exam?

Answer 27

Carcinoma at head of pancreas which causes decrease functioning of duod and HB system.

Question 28

What is a sphincterotomy and what patient safety needs to occur?

Answer 28

Tension wire is heated up and used the cauterise the sphincter and make it larger to allow for easier stone retrieval . Patient needs to be electrically grounded from the current.

Question 29

What is the balloon dilation retrieval for?

Answer 29

small stones / sludge

Question 30

Why may a stent be used in ERCP due to a carcinoma?

Answer 30

carcinoma of head of pancreases causes compression of CBD, stent can help keep CBD open.

Question 31

Why may a metal stent be used when vasculature is compressed?

Answer 31

so it can be compressed itself , this will cause the stent to bulge out and push the compressing structures away

Question 32

What is a laproscopic cholecystectomy?

Answer 32

keyhole surgery to remove GB

Question 33

Why can GB stones cause jaundice?

Answer 33

due to inability to remove bile

Question 34

what is cholestasis?

Answer 34

Gallstone blocking movement into duod.

Question 35

what can cholestasis cause?

Answer 35

retrograde of bile causing cholecystitis.