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Clinical Anatomy 2 > Abdomen & Anterior Abdominal Wall Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Abdomen & Anterior Abdominal Wall Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the function of the abdomen and its boundaries

A

Function: flexible container for the abdominal organs

Boundaries
- Anterior: abdominal wall
- Posterior: vertebral column
- Superior: diaphragm
- Inferior: pelvic inlet

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2
Q

Explain the functions of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Functions:
- Support the trunk
- Support the abdominal viscera
- Manage intra-abdominal pressure during respiration
- Move the trunk and maintain posture

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3
Q

Describe the organization of the greater and lesser sacs

A

Greater sac: “main abdominal cavity”

Lesser sac: “omental bursa”; diverticulum
- Posterior to stomach

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4
Q

Describe the organization of the mesenteries

A

Mesentery = double layer of peritoneum; provides conduit for neurovascular supply b/t organ and body wall

Peritoneal layers:
- visceral (innermost)
- parietal

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5
Q

Peritoneal ligaments of the greater omentum

A

Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament

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6
Q

Peritoneal ligaments of the lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament

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7
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Peritoneal ligament

Attaches liver to posterior surface of anterior abdominal wall

Inferiorly encloses the round ligament of the liver

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8
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Enclosed by visceral peritoneum
Suspended by mesenteries

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9
Q

Primarily retroperitoneal

A

Kidneys
Suprarenal glands

never had mesentery, posterior to peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal

A

Duodenum (desc, horiz, ascend)
Colon (ascend, desc)
Pancreas
Rectum (upper 2/3)

were previous intraperitoneal, but mesentery fused during development

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11
Q

Explain the layers of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line

A

upper 2/3

Anterior rectus sheath: external oblique and internal oblique

Posterior rectus sheath: internal oblique and transversus abdominis (and transversalis fascia however not RS)

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12
Q

Explain the layers of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line

A

lower 1/3

Anterior rectus sheath: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

Posterior (not considered rectus sheath): transversalis fascia

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13
Q

Explain the significance of the arcuate line

A

Demarcates the transition b/t the aponeurotic posterior rectus sheath (internal oblique and transversus abdominis) and the transversalis fascia
- When IO and TA transition to anterior rectus sheath

Inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominis

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14
Q

Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal including its contents in both males and females

A

4 cm long, parallel to inguinal ligament

Openings:
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring

Contents:
- ilioinguinal n.
- male: spermatic cord
- female: round ligament of uterus

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15
Q

Inguinal canal boundaries

A

Floor: inguinal ligament reinforced medially by lacunar ligament

Anterior wall: external oblique (aponeurosis) reinforced laterally by internal oblique

Posterior wall: transversalis fascia reinforced by conjoint tendon

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16
Q

List the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep

A

Skin
Camper’s fascia (fatty layer)
Scarpa’s fascia (membranous layer)
External abdominal oblique m.
Internal abdominal oblique m.
Transversus abdominis m.
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal adipose
Parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

Describe the innervation of the skin of the abdomen via T7-T12 spinal nerves

A

Innervation corresponds with dermatomal striping pattern; no plexus

T7-11: thoracoabdominal nn.
T12: subcostal n.

T4: nipple
T6: xyphoid process
T10: umbilicus

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18
Q

Describe the division of the abdomen into quadrants

A

Vertical: midline
Horizontal: through umbilicus

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
– superior border is costal margin
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
– superior border is costal margin
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

19
Q

Direct hernia

A

Acquired
Medial to inferior epigastric vessels
Least common (<33%)

20
Q

Indirect hernia

A

Congenital
Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
Enters scrotum
Most common (>66%)

21
Q

Name the composition of the portal triad

A

Hepatic artery proper
Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct

22
Q

Components of digestive system

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Large intestine
- cecum/appendix
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus

23
Q

Stomach: surface and internal features

A

Surface features:
o Fundus
o Body
o Greater and lesser curvatures

Internal features:
o Folds
o Cardiac and pyloric orifices
o Cardiac and pyloric sphincters

24
Q

Small intestine function

A

enzymatic digestion of food; absorption of nutrients

25
Q

Small intestine features

A

Duodenum
o Superior
o Descending
– Duodenal papillae (major and minor)
o Horizontal
o Ascending

Jejunum
o Duodenojejunal flexure

Ileum

26
Q

Large intestine features

A

Surface features:
o Teniae coli
o Haustra
o Appendices epiploicae

Cecum
o Ileocecal junction
o Vermiform appendix

Ascending colon
o Right colic flexure

Transverse colon

Descending colon
o Left colic flexure

Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus

27
Q

Explain the three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia including what attaches to each

A

Anterior layer: (not considered thoracolumbar fascia)
- Anterior to quadratus lumborum

Middle layer:
- Between quadratus lumborum and erector spinae
- Attachment for external/internal obliques

Posterior layer:
- Posterior to erector spinae
- Attachment for latissimus dorsi

28
Q

Muscles of posterior abdominal wall

A

Psoas major/minor
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum

29
Q

Attachments for psoas major/minor

A

from transverse processes of T12-L4 to lesser trochanter of femur

30
Q

Attachments for iliacus

A

from iliac fossa to lesser trochanter of femur

31
Q

Attachments for quadratus lumborum

A

from 12th rib & transverse processes of L1-4 to iliolumbar ligament & iliac crest

32
Q

Attachments for diaphragm

A

from xiphoid process, inner surface of the lower ribs & costal cartilages, medial & lateral arcuate ligaments & lumbar vertebrae via the crura to the central tendon

33
Q

Name the openings in the diaphragm and the structures that pass through them

A

Left crus (“leg”)
Right crus

Median arcuate ligament
- Aortic hiatus passes through here

Medial arcuate ligament
- Psoas major/minor pass through here

Lateral arcuate ligament
- Quadratus lumborum passes through here

34
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of kidney

A

Vagus >
Esophageal plexus >
Post vagal trunk >
Celiac ganglion and plexus >
Renal nerve plexus >
Kidney

35
Q

Sympathetic innervation of kidney

A

Lesser/least splanchnic (T10-11; T12) >
Aorticorenal ganglion (synapse) >
Renal nerve plexus >
Kidney

36
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of urinary bladder

A

S2-4 >
Pelvic splanchnic >
Inferior hypogastric plexus >
Wall (synapse; contraction)

37
Q

Sympathetic innervation of urinary bladder

A

T10-12, L1-2 >
Lumbar splanchnic >
Superior/inferior hypogastric plexus >
Inferior hypogastric plexus (synapse) >
Wall relaxation

38
Q

Define the trigone of the urinary bladder

A

Triangular surface at base of bladder
- Shaped by openings of ureter and urethra to form triangle

Urinary stones can form here

39
Q

Contrast the anatomy of the male and female urethra

A

Male urethra
- 20 cm in length
- Prostatic, membranous, spongy segments

Female urethra
- 4 cm in length

40
Q

Portal hypertension pathways

A

A) HPV > L gastric > esophageal > azygos > IVC

B) HPV > IMV > superior rectal > mid/inf rectal > internal iliac > common iliac > IVC

C) HPV > paraumbilical > sup/inf epigastric > IVC

D) HPV > splenic > IMV > L. colic > lumbars > IVC

41
Q

Foregut

A

Liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, duodenum

42
Q

Midgut

A

Supplied by SMA

Small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon

43
Q

Hindgut

A

Supplied by IMA

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

Clinical Anatomy 2 (20 decks)

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