Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BLOCK 2 - Anatomy (Grace) > Abdomen III - Peritoneum, Omentum & Ligaments > Flashcards

Abdomen III - Peritoneum, Omentum & Ligaments Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The peritoneum is a …

A

continuous, glistening, slippery & transparent serous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The peritoneum lines….

A

the abdominalpelvic cavity & invests the viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What layers make up the peritoneum?

A
  1. parietal peritoneum - lines internal surface of abdominalpelvic wall
  2. visceral peritoneum - invests viscera (i.e. stomach, intestines)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The peritoneal layers are made of which tissue?

A

mesothelium

(a layer of simple squamous epithelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which blood & lymphatic vasculature supply the peritoneum?

A

same somatic nerve supply as is the region of the wall it lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The peritoneum lining the interior of the body wall is sensitive to…

A

pressure

pain

heat and cold

laceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pain from the parietal peritoneum is …

A

generally well localized

  • except for that on the inferior surface of the central part of the diaphragm (innervation is provided by the phrenic nerve)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

irritation on the inferior surface of the cenral diaphragm is often referred to what area of the body?

A

to the C3 - C5 dermatomes over the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The visceral peritoneum and the organs it covers are served by what blood & lymphatic vasculature, & nerves?

A

the same blood and lymphatic vasculature and visceral nerve supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The visceral peritoneum is insensitive to __________

& stimulated by ____________?

A

insensitive to:

touch

heat and cold

laceration

stimulated primarily by:

** **stretching

chemical irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pain from the foregut derivatives is usually experienced in the __________ region?

A

epigastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pain from midgut derivatives is usually experienced in the

___________ region ?

A

umbilical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pain from hindgut derivatives is usually experienced in the

___________ region ?

A

pubic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pain produced in the peritoneum is … ?

A
  • poorly localized
  • referred to the dermatomes of the spinal ganglia providing the sensory fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The relationship of the viscera to the peritoneum is as follows:

A

Intraperitoneal organs are almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum (e.g., the stomach and spleen)

Extraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and subperitoneal organs are outside the peritoneal cavity “external, posterior, or inferior to the parietal peritoneum” and are only partially covered with peritoneum (usually on just one surface).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Organs such as the kidneys are _________________________ and have parietal peritoneum only __________________?

A
  • between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
  • on their anterior surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Organs such as the urinary bladder are _________________________ and have parietal peritoneum only __________________?

A
  • between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
  • only on its superior surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the peritoneal cavity positioned, relative to the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

is within the abdominal cavity and continues inferiorly into the pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum in the peritoneal cavity?

A

a potential space of capillary thinness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The peritoneal cavity contains no organs. What is contained in the thin film of peritoneal fluid?

A

it’s is composed of water

electrolytes

other substances derived from interstitial fluid in adjacent tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of peritoneal fluid?

A
  • lubricates the peritoneal surfaces
  • enables the viscera to move over each other without friction
  • allows the movements of digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What infection resistant structures are contained in the peritoneal fluid?

A

leukocytes and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is the peritoneal fluid absorbed ?

A

absorbed by ymphatic vessels

(particularly on the inferior surface of the diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The periotoneal cavity is completely closed in males/females ?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the communication pathway in females to the exterior of the body?
through the **uterine tubes**, **uterine cavity**, and **vagina**
26
The communication pathway from the peritoneal cavity in females is a potential pathway for what?
external **infection**
27
What helps prevent peritonitis from the communication pathway in females?
protective mechanisms of the female reproductive tract - **mucous plug** (blocks most things, excep sperm) - **normally present bacteria in vagina** (other bacteria cannot co-exist)
28
How can the patency of the uterine tubes can be tested clinically?
**hysterosalpingography** - a technique in which air or radiopaque dye is injected into the uterine cavity (normally flows through the uterine tubes and into the peritoneal cavity)
29
Why do patients undergoing abdominal surgery with large, invasive, open incisions of the peritoneum (laparotomy) experience more pain?
peritoneum is **well innervated** (small, laparoscopic incisions or vaginal operations = less painful)
30
watertight end-to-end anastomoses of intraperitoneal organs (i.e. small intestine) is achievble due to .....?
the covering of peritoneum (serosa)
31
It is more difficult to achieve watertight anastomoses of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (i.e. thoracic esophagus)
**extraperitoneal structures** that have an **outer adventitial layer**
32
During surgery, efforts are made to remain outside the peritoneal cavity whenever possible. WHY?
- high incidence of complications such as **peritonitis** and **adhesions**
33
When opening the peritoneal cavity is necessary what is avoided?
contamination of the cavity
34
**Peritonitis**
**bacterial contamination = infection and inflammation of the peritoneum** - from a laparotomy, penetrated or rupturing of the gut - allows gas, fecal matter, and bacteria to enter the peritoneal cavity **_OR_** **ulcer perforates the wall of the stomach or duodenum** - spilling acid content into the peritoneal cavity.
35
What occurs during peritonitis?
- exudation (slow leaking) of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus into the peritoneal cavity - pain in the overlying skin + increase in the tone of the anterolateral abdominal muscles
36
What makes generalized (widespread) peritonitis dangerous and perhaps lethal?
- the extent of the peritoneal surfaces - rapid absorption of material (including bacterial toxins) from the peritoneal cavity
37
Common symptons of peritonitis include:
severe abdominal pain tenderness nausea and/or vomiting fever constipation ridigity of abdominal walls *\*formation of any detergent-like substances (i.e. fatty acid + Na = soap) in cavity is **lethal**\**
38
Identify the numbered structres:
1. superior border of diaphragm 2. liver 3. collected gases due to peritonitis
39
Major cause of **portal hypertension?**
consumption of alcohol
40
**Ascites**
clinical condition in which one has excess fluid in peritoneal cavity (ascitic fluid)
41
Ascites can occur as a result of:
- **mechanical injury** (may also produce internal bleeding) - **pathological conditions** (i.e. portal hypertension=venous congestion) - widespread **metastasis of cancer cells** to the abdominal viscera - **starvation** (plasma proteins fail to be produced, alter concentration gradients = paradoxically protuberant abdomen)
42
What abdominal movements usually accompany respiration?
rhythmic movements of the anterolateral abdominal wall
43
the presence of** peritonitis** or **pneumonitis** (inflammation of the lungs) can be considered when which movements are present?
- If the **abdomen is drawn in** as the **chest expands** (paradoxical abdominothoracic rhythm) **- muscle rigidity** is present
44
What do people with peritonitis do to decrease pain?
- lie with knees flexed = relax anterolateral abdominal muscles - breath shallowly (+ more rapidly) = reducing the intra-abdominal pressure and pain
45
**Peritoneal Adhesions**
- peritoneum is damaged = surfaces become inflamed + sticky with fibrin - as it heals, fibrin may be replaced with fibrous tissue - forms abnormal attachments between visceral peritoneum of adjacent viscera OR between visceral peritoneum of viscera and parietal peritoneum of the adjacent abdominal wall
46
**Adhesions (scar tissue)**
- may form after an abdominal operation - limit normal movements of the viscera - may cause chronic pain or emergency complications (i.e. intestinal obstruction when gut is twisted around an adhesion (volvulus))
47
**Adhesiotomy**
surgical separation of adhesions
48
**Abdominal Paracentesis**
**Treatment of generalized peritonitis** - removal of the ascitic fluid - administration of large doses of antibiotics (if infection is present) - occasionaly more localized accumulations of fluid removed for analysis **paracentesis = surgical puncture of the peritoneal cavity for the aspiration or drainage of fluid**
49
What is the procedure for abdominal paracentesis?
- injection of a local anesthetic agent - needle or trocar and a cannula are inserted through anterolateral abdominal wall into peritoneal cavity through the linea alba (for example) - needle is inserted **superior to the empty urinary bladder** and in a location that **avoids the inferior epigastric artery**
50
**Intraperitoneal Injection (I.P. Injection)**
- can be absorbed rapidly - anesthetic agents injected into peritonal cavity
51
What factors allow the peritoneal membrane to be so absorbant?
- semipermeable membrane - extensive surface area - overlies blood & lymphatic capillary beds
52
**Peritoneal Dialysis**
- soluble substances + excess water removed from system by transfer across the peritoneum - use a dilute sterile solution introduced into peritoneal cavity on one side and drained from the other side - solutes + water are transferred between blood and peritoneal cavity due to concentration gradients between the two fluid compartments - usually only temporary; changes in mesothelial cells of peritoneum + underlying connective tissue = progressively ineffective
53
What is a mesentery?
- double layer of peritoneum (invagination of the peritoneum by an organ) = continuity of the visceral and parietal peritoneum - provides a means for neurovascular communication between the organ and the body wall
54
What 2 structures are connected by a mesentery?
intraperitonel organ + body wall (usually posterior abdominal wall)
55
Which mesentery is usually referred to simply as “the mesentery”?
**small intestine mesentery** mesenteries related to other specific parts of the alimentary tract are named accordingly
56
What is the structural make-up of a mesentery?
a core of connective tissue containing: ## Footnote **blood and lymphatic vessels** **nerves** **lymph nodes** **fat**
57
What is an **omentum**?
a double-layered extension (fold) of peritoneum that passes from: stomach + proximal part of the duodenum ---\> adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity
58
Where is the **greater ometum**?
prominent peritoneal fold that hangs down (like an apron) from the **greater curvature of the stomach** and the **proximal part of the duodenum** - after descending: folds back +at taches to **anterior surface of the transverse colon** and its mesentery
59
Where is the **lesser omentum**?
- connects **lesser curvature of the stomach** and **proximal part of the duodenum** to the **liver** - also connects the **stomach** to a **triad of structures** that run between the duodenum and liver in the free edge of the lesser omentum
60
**peritoneal ligament**
a double layer of peritoneum that **connects an organ with another organ** **or to the abdominal wall**
61
What structures are the liver connected to, and by what?
- _Anterior abdominal wall_ by the **falciform ligament** - _Stomach_ by the **hepatogastric ligament** * (membranous portion of lesser omentum)* - _Duodenum_ by the **hepatoduodenal ligament** * (thickened free edge of lesser omentum; conducts the portal triad)*
62
What is the **portal triad**?
portal vein hepatic artery bile duct
63
The hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are continuous parts of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
**the lesser omentum**
64
Which structures are the **stomach** connected to, and by what?
- _Inferior surface of diaphragm_ by the **gastrophrenic ligament** - _Spleen_ by the **gastrosplenic ligament** (gastrolienal ligament; reflects to the hilum of the spleen) - _Transverse colon_ by the **gastrocolic ligament**
65
what are **bare areas**?
- the area on intraperitoneal organs NOT covered by visceral peritoneum - allow entry/exit of **mesenteries**, **omenta**, and **ligaments** that convey the **_neurovascular structures_**
66
What is a **peritoneal fold**?
- reflection of peritoneum raised from the body wall by underlying blood vessels, ducts, and obliterated fetal vessels - Some peritoneal folds contain blood vessels and bleed if cut * (ex. lateral umbilical folds --\> inferior epigastric arteries)*
67
Peritoneal folds | (image)
68
What is a **peritoneal recess** (or fossa)?
a pouch of peritoneum formed by a peritoneal fold
69
What are the Functions of the **Greater Omentum**?
- prevents the visceral peritoneum from adhering to the parietal peritoneum - considerable mobility; moves around peritoneal cavity with peristaltic movements of the viscera - often forms adhesions adjacent to an inflamed organ, sometimes walling it off = protecting other viscera - also cushions the abdominal organs against injury + insulation against loss of body heat
70
Abscess Formation
circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the subphrenic recess _can be caused by:_ - perforation of a duodenal ulcer - rupture of the gallbladder - perforation of the appendix **abscess may be walled inferiorly by adhesions**
71
Why are peritoneal recesses clinically significant in the spread of **pathological fluids**? (ex. pus)
recesses **determine the extent and direction of the spread** of fluids that may enter the peritoneal cavity when an organ is diseased or injured

BLOCK 2 - Anatomy (Grace) (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions