Abdominal Organs

Question 1

liver location

Answer 1

right upper quadrant

right hypochondrium and partially epigastric, can extend into the left hypochondrium

Question 2

liver function

Answer 2

synthesis of bile

glycogen storage

clotting factor production

Question 3

two liver surfaces

Answer 3

diaphragmatic and visceral

Question 4

diaphragmatic surface explained

Answer 4

anterosuperior surface of the liver

fits snuggly beneath the curvature of the diaphragm

posterior aspect is not covered by visceral peritoneum, known as the bare area of the liver

Question 5

visceral surface explained

Answer 5

posteroinferior surface of the liver

covered with peritoneum, apart from the fossa of the gall bladder and porta hepatis

lies in contact with the right kidney, right adrenal gland, right colic flexure, transverse colon, first part of duodenum, gallbladder, oesphagus and the stomach

Question 6

lobes of the liver

Answer 6

right and left lobe

right lobe split into the quadrate and caudate

Question 7

what is the porta hepatis?

Answer 7

transverse fissure

hilum of the liver, containing the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile gut, nerves and lymphatic nodes

Question 8

what does the porta hepatis separate?

Answer 8

the caudate from the quadrate lobe

Question 9

liver dual blood supply blood vessels

Answer 9

hepatic artery proper and hepatic portal vein

Question 10

what does the hepatic artery carry + origin?

Answer 10

supplies non-parenchymal structures of the liver with arterial blood

derived from coeliac trunk

Question 11

explain hepatic portal vein

Answer 11

supplies liver with partially deoxygenated blood, carrying nutrients absorbed from the small intestine

dominant blood supply

Question 12

hepatic portal vein function

Answer 12

carry nutrients absorbed from the small intestine

allows liver to detoxify blood

Question 13

explain hepatic artery origin

Answer 13

common hepatic artery from coeliac trunk

arrives retropertioneally to the duodenum

gives off the right gastric and gastroduodenal arteries

then continues as the hepatic artery proper

enters the mesentery of the duodenum then curves upwards between two layers of the lesser omentum with the bile duct and hepatic portal vein

Question 14

blood supply within liver

Answer 14

hepatic artery splits into two, to supply both lobes

each eight functionally separate divisions receive their own branch of hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic vein

Question 15

where does the blood come from in the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 15

confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, inferior mesenteric, right and left gastric veins and cystic veins

Question 16

percentage of blood from each blood supply

Answer 16

80% portal vein

20% hepatic artery

Question 17

where does the hepatic portal vein drain into?

Answer 17

capillary system, hepatic sinusoids of the liver

Question 18

venous drainage of the liver explained

Answer 18

hepatic veins

formed from central veins in the liver

normally three hepatic veins that then drain into the inferior vena cava

Question 19

explain the portal-systemic venous anastomoses

Answer 19

sites within the GI system where venous blood from viscera drain into systemic circulation, as well as the portal system.

Question 20

function of portal systemic venous anastomoses

Answer 20

normally shut but when there is an obstruction of the hepatic portal vein, they open

Question 21

how many anastomoses?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

what vessels are not present in the porta hepatis?

Answer 22

the hepatic veins

Question 23

peritoneal attachments of the liver

Answer 23

falciform ligament and lesser omentum

Question 24

explain the structure of the falciform ligament and liver

Answer 24

formed of double layer of peritoneum

attaches anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

forms a natural anatomical division between the right and left lobes of the liver

Question 25

explain the lesser omentum

Answer 25

forms the hepatoduodenal ligament structure that contains the liver and stomach

Question 26

what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?

Answer 26

common bile duct, hepatic artery proper and hepatic portal vein

Question 27

where does bile collect?

Answer 27

bile canaliculi

Question 28

exit of bile from liver?

Answer 28

small ducts unite to form larger ducts form the left or right hepatic ducts two ducts converge to form the common hepatic duct

Question 29

how does the gall bladder join to the common hepatic duct?

Answer 29

cystic duct from gall bladder connects to the common hepatic duct form the common bile duct

Question 30

passage of common bile duct

Answer 30

descends and passes posteriorly to the first part of the duodenum and head of pancreas joints with the main pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater empties into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

Question 31

what regulates the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 31

the sphincter of Oddi

Question 32

gall bladder function

Answer 32

stores bile

Question 33

pancreas location

Answer 33

upper abdomen epigastrium and left hypochondrium

Question 34

direct anatomical relations of pancreas

Answer 34

posterior to stomach and pylorus lie (separated by lesser sac) duodenum- C shape outlines the head of pancreas, first part of duodenum lies anteriorly, second part (including ampulla of Vater lies laterally to the right pancreatic head lies posterior to transverse mesocolon common bile duct behind head of pancreas before opening into the major duodenal papilla spleen located posteriorly and laterally aorta and inferior vena cava lie posteriorly to the head of pancreas lies in front of kidneys

Question 35

five parts of pancreas

Answer 35

head, uncinate process, neck, body and tail

Question 36

head shape and location

Answer 36

widest part of pancreas lies within C-shaped curve created by duodenum

Question 37

uncinate process shape and location

Answer 37

projection beneath body of pancreas lies posterior to superior mesenteric vessels

Question 38

neck shape and location

Answer 38

between head and body of pancreas overlies the superior mesenteric vessels which form a groove on posterior aspect

Question 39

body shape and location

Answer 39

centrally located, lies behind stomach and to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels

Question 40

tail shape and location

Answer 40

left end of the pancreas close to hilum of the spleen

Question 41

is the pancreas retro or intraperitoneal?

Answer 41

retroperitoneal apart from the tail secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 42

functions of the pancreas

Answer 42

exocrine- produce digestive enzymes, deposit into the small intestine endocrine- hormones

Question 43

explain duct system

Answer 43

acini cells connected by short intercalated ducts intercalated ducts of adjacent lobules for intralobular collecting ducts intralobular collecting ducts form the main pancreatic duct main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater empties into the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

Question 44

arterial blood supply

Answer 44

pancreatic branches of splenic artery head also supplied by superior and inferior pancreaticduodenal arteries, from the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric arteries respectively

Question 45

explain this blood supply

Answer 45

pancreas develops at the boundary between the midgut and foregut, hence its supply originates from both the superior mesenteric artery and the coeliac trunk