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ABDOMEN AND GI TRACT > MORPHOLOGY OF THE GI TRACT > Flashcards

MORPHOLOGY OF THE GI TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

what transports food from the pharynx to the stomach?

A

oesophagus

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2
Q

where does the oesophagus originate from?

A

inferior border of the cricoid cartilage C6

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3
Q

where does the oesophagus extend to?

A

cardiac orifice of the stomach T11

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4
Q

where does the oesophagus penetrate the diaphragm?

A

oesophageal hiatus in the central tendon at T10

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5
Q

how many sphincters present in the oesophagus?

A

two

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6
Q

names of sphincters and locations

A

upper oesophageal sphincter- at the junction between the pharynx and oesophagus

lower oesophageal sphincter- between the oesophagus and the stomach

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7
Q

what forms the upper sphincter?

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

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8
Q

where is the lower sphincter located? + spinal level

A

gastro-oesophageal junction at T11

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9
Q

what forms the lower sphincter?

A

oesophagus entering the stomach at an acute angle

walls of the intra abdominal section of the oesophagus are compressed

folds of mucosa occluding the lumen

right crus of diaphragm forming a pinch-cock effect

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10
Q

functions of the sphincters

A

prevent acid reflux

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11
Q

sections of the stomach

A

cardia- surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at T11

fundus- founded, gas filled portion superior to and to the left of the cardia

body- central large portion

pylorus- connects stomach to the duodenum

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12
Q

sections of the pyloris

A

pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and the pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter demarcate + where?

A

transpyloric plane, L1

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14
Q

anatomical position of stomach

A

primarily in the epigastric and umbilical regions

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15
Q

anatomical relations

A

superior- oesophagus and left dome of the diaphragm

anterior- diaphragm, greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall, left lobe of liver, gall bladder

posterior- lesser sac, pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal gland, spleen, splenic artery, transverse mesocolon

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16
Q

function of pyloric sphincter

A

controls the exit of chyme from the stomach

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17
Q

how many layers in greater and lesser omenta?

A

two layers of double layered peritoneum, so 4 membrane layers

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18
Q

explain structure of greater omentum

A

hangs down from greater curvature of the stomach and folds back on itself where it attaches to the transverse colon

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19
Q

function of greater omentum

A

contains lymph nodes

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20
Q

lesser omentum structure

A

peritoneal fold arising from the lesser curvature and ascend to attach to the liver

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21
Q

function of lesser omentum

A

attach stomach and duodenum to the liver

22
Q

what do the greater and lesser omentum divide the abdominal cavity into?

A

greater and lesser sac which communicate via the epiploic foramen

23
Q

pyloric stenosis explained

A

narrowing of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine

occurs in babies

24
Q

gastric ulceration explained

A

break in the inner lining of the stomach or the small intestine due to nSAIDS or bacteria

25
Q

components of the small intestine

A

duodenum, ileum and jejunum

26
Q

four parts of the duodenum

A

superior, descending, inferior and ascending

form the C shape

27
Q

spinal level of superior section

A

L1

28
Q

what is the superior section attached to?

A

liver via the hepatoduodenal ligament

29
Q

descending structures

A

curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas

marked by the major duodenal papilla

lies posteriorly to the transverse colon and anterior to the right kidney

30
Q

inferior structures

A

travels laterally to the left

crosses over inferior vena cava and aorta

located inferiorly to the pancreas

posteriorly to the superior mesenteric artery and vein

31
Q

ascencing structures

A

after the duodenum crosses the aorta it ascends and curves anteriorly to join the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure

32
Q

is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal apart from the superior section

33
Q

are the jejunum retro or intra peritoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

34
Q

demarcation between the jejunum and ileum

A

there isn’t one

35
Q

where does the ileum end?

A

ileocaecal junction

36
Q

what does the major papilla demarcate?

A

change in blood supply from coeliac trunk to superior mesenteric artery (from foregut to midgut)

37
Q

attachments

A

jejunum and ileum are connected to the posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

38
Q

mesentery definition

A

double layer of peritoneum

39
Q

four parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

40
Q

what is present before the ascending colon?

A

cecum

41
Q

location of cecum

A

lies inferiorly to the ileocecal junction

42
Q

is the cecum retro or intraperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

43
Q

structure found on the cecum

A

appendix

44
Q

appendix explained

A

narrow, blind ended tube attached to the cecum

highly variable positions

45
Q

appendicitis explained

A

inflammation of the appendix

46
Q

explain structure of colon

A

ascending colon- retroperitoneal. Meets right lobe of liver and turns right colic flexure/hepatic flexure

transverse colon starts, moves from right to left until left colic/splenic flexure- intraperitoneal

descending colon- moves inferiorly to pelvis- retroperitoneal (anterior to left kidney)

turns medially to form the sigmoid colon

47
Q

next structure

A

rectum

48
Q

where does the rectum begin?

A

S3

49
Q

where does the rectum empty into?

A

anal canal

50
Q

where is the anal canal located?

A

within the anal triangle of the perineum, between the right and left ischioanal fossae

51
Q

how many sphincters in anus?

A

2

52
Q

what sphincters + location? + type of muscle

A

internal anal sphincter- upper 2/3rds of anal canal- involuntary smooth muscle

external anal sphincter- lower 2/3rds- voluntary

ABDOMEN AND GI TRACT (6 decks)

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