Abdominal Viscera, Kidneys, Suprarenal Glands

Question 1

what are the quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 1

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Question 2

what are the planes that separate the quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 2

median, transumbilical

Question 3

what are the horizontal planes that separate regions of the abdomen?

Answer 3

subcostal, transtubercular

Question 4

what are the regions of the abdomen?

Answer 4

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left and right hypochondriac, left and right lumbar, left and right inguinal

Question 5

what is located within the left upper quadrant?

Answer 5

left lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, jejunum, proximal ileum, body and tail of pancreas, left colic flexure, left half of transverse colon, superior part of descending colon

Question 6

what is located within the left lower quadrant?

Answer 6

sigmoid colon, inferior part of descending colon, spermatid cord

Question 7

what is located within the right upper quadrant?

Answer 7

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, pylorus of stomach, duodenum, head of pancreas, right colic flexure, superior part of ascending colon, right half of transverse colon

Question 8

what is located within the right lower quadrant?

Answer 8

cecum, vermiform appendix, inferior part of ascending colon, spermatic cord

Question 9

what in the gut acts as a syncytium, allowing action potentials to spread in all directions?

Answer 9

smooth muscle

Question 10

what is the rate of electrical activity in the stomach vs the duodenum?

Answer 10

stomach - 3/min
duodenum - 12/min

Question 11

what causes contraction of smooth muscle and lasts longer than typical nerves?

Answer 11

spike potentials

Question 12

what is the structure, and location of the esophagus?

Answer 12

structure - muscular tube

location - from pharynx to cardiac portion of stomach, passes into abdomen at T10 through esophageal hiatus

Question 13

what part of the esophagus helps prevent acid reflux?

Answer 13

esophageal sphincter

Question 14

what organ lies between the esophagus and small intestine?

Answer 14

stomach

Question 15

what is the function of the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 15

contract/relax to maintain pressure

Question 16

what are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 16

mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins, chyme production

Question 17

what are the two main parts of the cardia of the stomach?

Answer 17

cardiac orifice, cardiac notch

Question 18

what is the main structure in the pylorus of the stomach?

Answer 18

pyloric sphincter

Question 19

what is the interior of the stomach comprised of?

Answer 19

rugae/gastric folds

Question 20

what are the four parts of the duodenum?

Answer 20

superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

Question 21

what is the name of the space between the duodenum and jejunum?

Answer 21

duodenaljejunal junction

Question 22

what are the three main parts of the small intestine?

Answer 22

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 23

what are the functions of the small intestine?

Answer 23

mix chyme to increase surface area, absorption (duodenum and jejunum)

Question 24

what are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 24

absorb water/potassium/vitamins, gastroileal reflex, rectosphincteric reflex

Question 25

what is the gastroileal reflex?

Answer 25

opening of ileocecal valve to produce peristalsis of large intestine

Question 26

what is the rectosphincteric reflex?

Answer 26

distension of rectum and relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters

Question 27

what are the main parts of the large intestine?

Answer 27

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

Question 28

what are the external parts of the large intestine?

Answer 28

omental appendices, haustra, taeniae coli

Question 29

what is the function of the mesenteries of the intestines?

Answer 29

support viscera, passageway for vessels/nerves/lymphatics

Question 30

where is the potential space in the intestines?

Answer 30

between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

Question 31

what organ is in the retroperitoneal space?

Answer 31

pancreas

Question 32

what are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 32

mechanical filtration of red blood cells, lymphatic drainage

Question 33

what are the two components of the peritoneal space?

Answer 33

greater sac, lesser sac

Question 34

what is contained within the spleen?

Answer 34

nodules of b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes

Question 35

how does the spleen filter red blood cells?

Answer 35

macrophages devour abnormal red blood cells in the sinusoids/red cords

Question 36

where is the spleen located?

Answer 36

upper left quadrant, left hypochondriac region

Question 37

what is the size and weight of the spleen?

Answer 37

4 in long, 150-200 g

Question 38

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 38

break down CHO, protein, and lipids in chyme via pancreatic juice

Question 39

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 39

produce glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptides via the islets of langerhans

Question 40

what are the parts of the pancreas?

Answer 40

head, uncinate process, neck, body, tail

Question 41

what kind of gland is the pancreas?

Answer 41

digestive, accessory gland

Question 42

where does the pancreas lie in the abdomen?

Answer 42

posterior abdominal wall

Question 43

what is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 43

liver

Question 44

the liver has two functionally independent parts - what are they? what other lobes make up the liver?

Answer 44

right part, left part caudate, quadrate

Question 45

what vessels are found in the porta hepatis?

Answer 45

portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic nerve plexus, hepatic ducts, lymphatic vessels

Question 46

what are the major functions of the liver?

Answer 46

amino acid synthesis, CHO metabolism, lipid metabolism, production of coagulation factors, production and excretion of bile, breakdown of hormones and toxic substances, storage of glucose/vitamin d/vitamin b12/certain trace elements

Question 47

what processes occur in the liver during CHO metabolism?

Answer 47

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis

Question 48

what processes occur in the liver during lipid metabolism?

Answer 48

cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis

Question 49

what is secreted by the liver? what is it released in response to?

Answer 49

bile cholecystokinin

Question 50

what process occurs due to bile?

Answer 50

fat emulsification

Question 51

what are the biliary ducts?

Answer 51

common hepatic duct, right and left hepatic ducts, cystic duct, bile duct, main pancreatic duct

Question 52

what is the biliary duct off the gallbladder?

Answer 52

cystic duct

Question 53

the portal-systemic anastomosis occurs through which veins?

Answer 53

esophageal vein, rectal vein, paraumbilical vein, colic vein

Question 54

what veins drain into the portal vein?

Answer 54

splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, left gastric vein

Question 55

what vein drains into the splenic vein?

Answer 55

inferior mesenteric vein

Question 56

what is the abnormal accumulation fo abdominal fluids?

Answer 56

ascites

Question 57

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the celiac artery?

Answer 57

liver, pancreas, spleen, stomach, duodenum foregut

Question 58

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 58

jejunum, ileum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon midgut

Question 59

what abdominal viscera and part of the abdomen is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 59

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum hindgut

Question 60

an organ of excretion, not digestion; retroperitoneal and not supported by mesentery is which organ?

Answer 60

kidney

Question 61

which kidney is more superior?

Answer 61

left kidney

Question 62

what is the function of the kidney?

Answer 62

regulation of body fluids and extracellular volumes

Question 63

how much cardiac output flows through the renal artery?

Answer 63

20%

Question 64

entry/exit site of kidney that allows for the passage of the renal vein, renal artery, and ureter?

Answer 64

renal hilum

Question 65

what is adult polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 65

multiple cysts that destroy kidneys

Question 66

what are signs and symptoms of adult polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 66

flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, infections, kidney failure, death

Question 67

what is located within the renal cortex of the kidney?

Answer 67

proximal and distal tubules, minor calyx, renal papilla

Question 68

what is located within the renal medulla?

Answer 68

loop of henle

Question 69

what is located within the renal sinus?

Answer 69

major calyx

Question 70

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 70

nephron

Question 71

what are the two parts of the nephron?

Answer 71

cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephron

Question 72

what is the movement of fluid from the glomerular capillaries to Bowman's space?

Answer 72

filtration

Question 73

what is the movement of substances from the nephron to surrounding vessels?

Answer 73

reabsorption

Question 74

what is the movement of substances from surrounding vessels into the nephron?

Answer 74

secretion

Question 75

what is the equation for urinary excretion?

Answer 75

glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion - collecting duct concentration

Question 76

how much does a person urinate/day?

Answer 76

1-2 L

Question 77

how much fluid do the kidneys filter/min, known as the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 77

100-120 mL/min

Question 78

how much blood flow is there to the kidneys? circulating blood passes through the kidneys how often? how much plasma do the kidneys filter a day??

Answer 78

1.2-1.3 L/min 4-5 min 60x/day

Question 79

what is the equation for glomerular filtrate production?

Answer 79

hydrostatic pressure of blood (45 mmHg) - hydrostatic pressure of fluid in urinary space (10 mmHg) + osmotic pressure of blood (20 mmHg)

Question 80

what is excess amounts of urine produced?

Answer 80

polyuria

Question 81

what is low urine volume and output (between 50-500 mL/day)?

Answer 81

oliguria

Question 82

what is little to no urine output (0-50 mL/day)?

Answer 82

anuria

Question 83

how much filtrate is produced per min? how much filtrate is released in calyces as urine?

Answer 83

125 mL/min 1 mL

Question 84

how much filtrate is produced per day? how much filtrate is released in calyces as urine?

Answer 84

180 L/day 1.5 L

Question 85

what are the two components of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 85

suprarenal cortex, suprarenal medulla

Question 86

what innervates the suprarenal medulla?

Answer 86

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Question 87

what hormones come from the suprarenal medulla? examples?

Answer 87

catecholamines noradrenaline, adrenalin

Question 88

what hormones come from the suprarenal cortex? examples?

Answer 88

corticosteroids mineralocorticoids - aldosterone (salt/blood volume balance), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone feedback loop glucocorticoids - cortisol (metabolism rate), hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal feedback loop)

Question 89

what is pain due to irritation or distension of the visceral organs that is sensed on the body wall?

Answer 89

referred pain

Question 90

what can referred pain be confused with?

Answer 90

musculoskeletal pain