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Anatomy > Gametogenesis and Fertilization > Flashcards

Gametogenesis and Fertilization Flashcards

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1
Q

formation and development of specialized sex cells (haploid) through meiosis

A

gametogenesis

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2
Q

gametogenesis in males

A

spermatogenesis

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3
Q

gametogenesis in females

A

oogenesis

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4
Q

problems with gametogenesis result in chromosome abnormality disorders - types?

A

numerical, structural

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5
Q

explain the process of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (diploid, x23 pairs single chromatid chromosomes, one autosome pair and one sex link pair) in the testis undergoes DNA replication to become a primary spermatocyte (diploid, x23 pairs double chromatid chromosomes). This daughter cell undergoes a meiotic division in which DNA is replicated to create 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid, x23 double chromatid chromosomes). They each will undergo another meiotic division but DNA is not replicated to become 4 spermatids (haploid, x23 single chromatid chromosomes). To become a mature sperm, they will undergo a process called spermiogenesis.

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6
Q

explain the process of oogenesis

A

Primary oocyte (diploid, x23 pairs double chromatid chromosome) is located in the ovary. It is wrapped in primary follicular cells which will continue to grow around the primary oocyte. The zona pellucida will form between the primary oocyte and the follicular cells. After the first meiotic division, the antrum will separate the secondary oocyte (haploid, x23 double chromatid chromosomes) in mature follicles and an outer layer of follicular cells. The first polar body is also now present. After the second meiotic division, a second polar body is present in the oocyte, which is surrounded by the corona radiata to allow for sperm to enter and begin fertilization.

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7
Q

describe DNA molecules in humans

A

46 chromosomes, 22 homologous autosome pairs and 1 sex-linked pair

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8
Q

XX

A

female sex link

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9
Q

XY

A

male sex link

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10
Q

paired strand of nucleotides (base pairs)

A

DNA

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11
Q

chromosomes are composed of …

A

DNA molecules

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12
Q

coding sequence on a chromosome of nucleotide base pairs for protein production

A

genes

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13
Q

paired DNA molecules aka double chromatid chromosomes

A

diploid

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14
Q

single DNA molecule aka single chromatid chromosome

A

haploid

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15
Q

each molecule in a diploid pair is called a

A

chromatid

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16
Q

only occurring in gametes, this is a process of 2 divisions without an intervening period of DNA replication

A

meiosis

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17
Q

what is the state of the gamete prior to the first meiotic division?

A

diploid # of chromosomes (23 pairs of single chromatid chromosomes), 22 autosomes and 1 sex-linked that originate from one chromosome from each parent

DNA is replicated (x2 to x4) to form diploid # of chromosomes (23 pairs of double chromatid chromosomes)

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18
Q

what occurs during the first meiotic division?

A

reduction division (x4 to x2) and the formation of haploid # of chromosomes (23 single chromatid chromosomes)

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19
Q

what occurs during the second meiotic division?

A

separation of chromatids, reduction division (x2 to x1), formation of haploid # of chromosomes (23 single chromatid chromosomes)

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20
Q

errors in morphogenesis, not all of which are clinically significant; human birth defects

A

congenital anatomic abnormalities

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21
Q

____ of newborns have single minor anomalies

A

14%

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22
Q

____ of newborns have clinically significant anomalies

A

3%

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23
Q

____ of newborns have major multiple defects, causing ____ of infant deaths

A

0.7%, 20%

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24
Q

abnormal shape, form or position due to mechanical stress

A

deformation

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25
abnormal organization of cells into tissues; non-specific and affects several organs
dysplasia
26
structural abnormalities of any type, including malformation and disruption
congenital anomaly
27
intrinsically abnormal development (i.e., genetic etiology)
malformation
28
extrinsically-induced abnormal developement (i.e., environmental etiology)
disruption
29
study of causes, mechanisms, patterns of abnormal development with genetic and environmental factors
teratology
30
malformations cause ____ of anomalies, ____ of those with known causes
1/3, 85%
31
chromosomal abnormalities are common in malformation - types?
numerical, structural
32
failure to disjoin; disproportionate # of chromosomes of DNA distributed to daughter cells during meiosis, resulting in too many or too few chromosomes
nondisjunction
33
nondisjunction is a type of which anomaly?
malformation (structural or numerical)
34
meiosis is dependent upon ... of chromosomes or DNA to daughter cells
equal distribution
35
types of numerical chromosome abnormalities
turner syndrome, trisomy of autosomes, trisomy of sex chromosomes
36
describe turner syndrome
45,X (missing a sex-link chromosomes) only occurring in female phenotype
37
trisomy 18 =
edward's syndome
38
trisomy 13 =
patau syndrome
39
trisomy 21 =
down syndrome
40
describe some physical characteristics of an individual with trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
mental deficiency, brachycephaly, flat nasal bridge, upward slant to palpebral fissures, protruding tongue, simian crease, clinodactyly of 5th digit, congenital heart defect
41
describe some physical characteristics of an individual with klinefelter syndrome
XXY tall, long lower limbs, gynecomastia, intellectual defects, aspermatogenesis
42
trisomy of sex chromosomes
not detected until puberty may be 'normal' in appearance
43
types of structural chromosome abnormalities
translocation, deletion, duplication, inversion, nucleic acid substitutions on DNA
44
transfer of one piece of a chromosomes to a nonhomologous chromosomes
translocation
45
which structural chromosome abnormality is associated with a number of cancers?
translocation
46
part of a chromosome is lost
deletion
47
example of deletion
cri du chat syndrome (deletion on chromosome 5)
48
example of duplication
fragile X syndrome (CGG triplet repeated 200 times on FMR1 gene of X chromosome)
49
what does fragile x syndrome affect and what does it cause?
development of synapses most common cause of mental disabilities
50
structural chromosome abnormality that does not usually cause malformation
inversion
51
example of nucleic acid substitution on DNA, specifically on fibroblast growth gene
achondroplasia
52
describe nucleic acid substitutions
spontaneous error in replication error during DNA repair chemical or radiation induced
53
describe achondroplasia
Originating from a mutation during spermatogenesis, the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3 has a mutation. This abnormality is autosomal dominant.
54
primitive sex cells that undergo mitotic division
spermatogonia
55
cells that undergo reduction division
primary spermatocytes
56
cells that divide to form 4 haploid spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
57
spermiogenesis
transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
58
where is sperm stored?
epididymis
59
ductus deferens experiences ____ ____ to transport sperm, in which fluid is added by seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
peristaltic contractions
60
transport of sperm to urethra, a sympathetic response
emission
61
expulsion from urethra
ejaculation
62
in regard to ejaculate, how many sperm are there?
200-600 million deposited, 200 million survive
63
alteration of membrane proteins due to an acrosome reaction
capacitation
64
proliferate by mitotic division in early fetal life
oogonia
65
describe the components of the primary oocyte
It is formed before birth and doesn't complete its first meiotic division until adolescence. This is when the primordial follicle develops into the primary follicle during puberty. It also contains the zona pellucida.
66
describe the components of the primary follicle
contains primary oocyte and theca folliculi (interna and externa)
67
describe the components of the secondary follicle
antrum (with follicular fluid), primary oocyte, cumulus oophorus
68
how long is the menstrual cycle?
28 days
69
describe the menstrual phase
4-5 days sloughing off of the functional layer of the endometrium
70
describe the proliferative phase
9 days growth of ovarian follicles stimulated by estrogen secretion proliferation of endometrium
71
describe the luteal phase
13 days formation, function, and growth of the corpus luteum
72
describe the ischemic phase
no pregnancy ischemia, venous stasis, detachment of endometrium
73
when does menopause occur?
48-55 years old
74
ovulation is triggered by what?
surge in luteinizing hormone ~ mid cycle
75
when is secondary oocyte expelled? when does it form? what does it form?
ovulation after 1st meiotic division first polar body
76
formed by the walls of theca interna and ovarian follicle
corpus luteum
77
function of corpus luteum
secrete progesterone, stimulates change in endometrium
78
scar on ovary as a remnant of ovulation
corpus albicans
79
3 main female reproductive organs
uterus, uterine tube, ovaries
80
describe the parts of the uterus
body (fundus, isthmus, layers), cervix
81
layers of the body of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
82
qualities of the endometrium
compact, spongy, basal lining
83
describe the parts of the uterine tube
horns, ampulla
84
describe oocyte transport from the ovary to the uterus
fimbriated end of uterine tube approximates ovary, fimbriae sweep secondary oocyte into uterine tube, uterine tube peristalsis occurs to move oocyte into uterus
85
describe the process of fertilization
In the ampulla, sperm passes through the corona radiata and undergoes a zonal reaction to penetrate the zona pellucida. Plasma membranes of the sperm and oocyte fuse, and the oocyte will undergo its second meiotic division and expel the second polar body. The male pronucleus and ootid will form, coming together to create a zygote
86
describe the cleavage of the zygote
Repeated mitotic divisions of blastomeres that occurs in the uterine tube and will compact, forming a morula with an inner cell mass and outer cell layer
87
embryoblast will become ...
embryo
88
trophoblast will become ...
embryonic placenta
89
the inside of the morula that is present ~ day 4
blastocyst cavity
90
thin outer layer of blastocyst
trophoblast
91
describe the attachment to the endometrium
~ day 6, there are changes in trophoblast which creates the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, which has projects that push into the endometrium. This creates a hypoblast layer on the surface of the blastocyst cavity, becoming the primitive endoderm
92
describe dizygotic twins
This hereditary occurance originates from 2 zygotes and the fertilization of 2 oocytes. There are 2 amnions and 2 chorions, one around each fetus.
93
describe monozygotic twins
Fetuses that are the same sex and genetically identical. This occurs through division of embryoblast into 2 embryonic primordia in blastocyst stage. They have separate amniotic sacs but a common chorionic sac and placenta.
94
embryologists describe stages of development starting at date of fertilization to date of birth (266 days/38 weeks)
fertilization age
95
clinicians describe stages of development starting at date of onset of last menstrual period to date of birth (280 days/40 weeks)
gestational age
96
weeks 0-8 fertilization age weeks 0-10 gestational age
embryonic period
97
weeks 9-38 fertilization age weeks 11-40 gestational age
fetal period

Anatomy (8 decks)

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