Abnormal Psych Chapter 6 Flashcards

Question

Psychodynamic theories of mood disorders

Answer 1

Depression develops when a person perceives he or she has been abandoned or has failed Freud’s theory of Introjected hostility Therapeutic technique: Transference

Answer 2

Behavior Therapy: *Functional analysis: *Change aspect of environment *Teach skills to change person’s negative circumstances *Teach mood-management skills Cognitive Behavior Therapy: *Change negative patterns of thinking *Teach skills so no longer have deficits in reinforcers

Answer 3

Concerned with people’s close relationships and roles in relationships: *Contingencies of self-worth Interpersonal Therapy: *Grief and loss *Interpersonal role disputes *Role transitions *Interpersonal skill deficits

Answer 4

26% of women 12% of men

Answer 5

Inability to experience any pleasure at all

Answer 6

Period of two or more weeks marked by at least 5 symptoms of depression, including sad mood and/or loss of pleasure

Answer 7

A severe pattern of depression that is disabling and not caused by such factors as drug or a general medical condition

Answer 8

Changes with the seasons

Answer 9

Marked by either immobility or excessive activity

Answer 10

Occurs during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of giving birth

Answer 11

The person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events

Answer 12

A chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

Answer 13

A disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

Answer 14

Characterized by a combination of persistent depressive symptoms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper

Answer 15

Select people with unipolar depression, examine their relatives, and see whether depression also afflicts other members of the family As many as 30% of those relatives are depressed, compared with fewer than 10% of the general population

Answer 16

When an identical twin has unipolar depression, there is a 38% chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder When a fraternal twin has unipolar depression, the other twin has only a 20% chance of having the disorder

Answer 17

Genes on at least 2/3 of the body's 23 chromosomes

Answer 18

Norepinephrine and serotonin

Answer 19

Interactions between serotonin and norepinephrine activity, or between them and additional key neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate, a neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating neurons and promoting connectivity and communication among neurons

Answer 20

The HPA axis of people with depression is overly reactive in the face of stress, causing excessive releases of cortisol and related hormones at times of stress

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and subgenual cingulate (aka Brodmann Area 25)

Answer 22

Activity and blood flow are unusually low in certain parts and unusually high in other parts of the prefrontal cortex The hippocampus is undersized and its production of new neurons is low Activity and blood flow are high in the amygdala The subgenual cingulate is particularly small and active The communication, or interconnectivity, between these various structures is often problematic Serotonin and norepinephrine is distinctly low

Answer 23

When people are under intense stress for a while, their immune systems may become dysregulated, leading to slower functioning of important white blood cells called lymphocytes and to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins that spread throughout the body and cause inflammation and various illnesses There is a belief amongst researchers that immune system dysregulation of this kind helps produce depression

Answer 24

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Tricyclics Second-generation antidepressants Ketamine-based drugs

Answer 25

Slow the body's production of monoamine oxidase (MAO), increasing the activity level of serotonin and norepinephrine

Answer 26

Have a three-ring molecular structure Act on the neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms of key neurons-inhibit the overly vigorous reuptake processes of depressed individuals, thus allowing serotonin and norepinephrine to remain in their synapses longer and to, in turn, properly stimulate receiving neurons

Answer 27

Most are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increases serotonin activity specifically, without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters

Answer 28

Increase the activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain

Answer 29

interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain

Answer 30

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered when an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead 65 to 140 volts of electricity are passed through the brain for half a second or less, resulting in a brain seizure that lasts from 15 to 70 seconds

Answer 31

The longest nerve in the human body Runs from the brain stem through the neck down the chest and on to the abdomen

Answer 32

A treatment for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain Surgeon implants a pulse generator under the skin of the chest, then guides a wire from the pulse generator up to the neck and attaches it to the vagus nerve Electrical signals travel from the pulse generator through the wire to the vagus nerve The stimulated vagus nerve then delivers electrical signals to the brain

Answer 33

Clinician places an electromagnetic coil on or above the patient's head The coil sends a current into the prefrontal cortex TMS increases neuron activity in that structure and may improve functioning throughout the rest of the brain's depression-related circuit

Answer 34

Drill two tiny holes into the patient's skull and implant electrodes in the subgenual cingulate The electrodes are connected to a battery (pacemaker) implanted in the patient's chest (men) or stomach (women) Pacemaker powers electrodes, sending a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the brain structure This repeated stimulation should reduce activity in the structure to a normal level and help "recalibrate" the depression-related brain circuit

Answer 35

A person equates other kinds of events with the loss of a loved one

Answer 36

Mourners at first regress to the oral stage of development, when infants can't distinguish themselves from their parents - the mourners merge their own identity with that of the person they have lost, and so symbolically regain the lost person They direct all their feelings for the loved one, including sadness and anger, toward themselves (introjection)

Answer 37

Depression results when people's relationships-especially their early relationships-leave them feeling unsafe, insecure, and dependent on others

Answer 38

Psychodynamic therapists seek to help clients bring underlying issues to consciousness and work them through They encourage the depressed client to associate freely during therapy, suggest interpretations or the client's associations, dreams, and displays of resistance and transference, and help the person review past events and feelings

Answer 39

One, depressed clients may be too passive and feel too weary to join fully in the subtle therapy discussions Two, they may become discouraged and end treatment too early when this long-term approach is unable to provide the quick relief that they desperately seek

Answer 40

Depression linked to significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives

Answer 41

Maladaptive attitudes, a cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts combine to produce unipolar depression

Answer 42

Individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed

Answer 43

Draw negative conclusions based on little evidence

Answer 44

A steady train of unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting to them that they are inadequate and their situation is hopeless

Answer 45

Repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it

Answer 46

People become depressed when they think that: 1) They no longer have control over the reinforcements in their lives 2) They themselves are responsible for this helpless state

Answer 47

When people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so If they attribute their present lack of control to some internal cause that is both global and stable, they may feel helpless to prevent future negative outcomes and they may experience depression

Answer 48

Therapists work systematically to increase the number of constructive and rewarding activities and events in a client's life The therapists: 1) Reintroduce depressed clients to pleasurable events and activities 2) Consistently reward nondepressive behaviors and withhold rewards for depressive behaviors 3) Help clients improve their social skills

Answer 49

Phase 1: Increasing activities and elevating mood Phase 2: Challenging automatic thoughts Phase 3: Identifying negative thinking and biases Phase 4: Changing primary attitudes

Answer 50

Holds that any of four interpersonal problem areas may lead to depression and must be addressed: interpersonal loss (loss of a loved one), interpersonal role dispute (two people have different expectations of their relationship and the role each should play), interpersonal role transition (major life changes like divorce or birth), and interpersonal deficits (extreme shyness or social awkwardness)

Answer 51

Holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but clinicians often fail to detect depression in men

Answer 52

Hormone changes trigger depression in many women, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause

Answer 53

Suggests that women in our society are subjject to more stress than men

Answer 54

States that females in western society are taught to seek a low body weight and slender body shape - goals that are unreasonable, unhealthy, and often unattainable

Answer 55

Proposes that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men over their lives

Answer 56

Women are more likely than men to ruminate when their mood darkens

Answer 57

For at least one week, people display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least three other symptoms of mania

Answer 58

Symptoms of mania are less severe (causing little impairment)

Answer 59

Full manic and major depressive episodes Some experience an alternation of the episodes, some have mixed features

Answer 60

Hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time

Answer 61

If a person has four or more episodes within a one-year period

Answer 62

Between 1 and 2.8%

Answer 63

Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Answer 64

norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine

Answer 65

Play a critical role in relaying messages within a neuron Ions help transmit messages down the neuron's axon to the nerve endings

Answer 66

When a neuron is at rest, more sodium ions sit outside the cell membrane When the neuron receives an incoming message at its receptor sites, pores in the cell membrane open, allowing the sodium ions to flow to the inside of the membrane, thus increasing the positive charge inside the neuron This starts a wave of electrical activity that travels down the length of the neuron and results in its "firing"

Answer 67

Irregularities in the transport of ions may cause neurons to fire too easily (mania) or to stubbornly resist firing (depression)

Answer 68

The hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum tend to be smaller Lower amounts of gray matter Raphe nuclei, striatum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex have some structural abnormalities

Answer 69

Identical twins of those with a bipolar disorder have a 40-70% likelihood of developing the same disorder Fraternal twins, siblings, and other close relatives of such persons have a 5-10% likelihood

Answer 70

It is linked to a variety of genes located on at least 13 different chromosomes

Answer 71

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder

Answer 72

Drugs that help prevent symptoms from developing

Answer 73

The drugs change synaptic activity by operating within neurons Mood stabilizers affect a neuron's second messengers They also increase the production of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whose job it is to prevent cell death They could also improve the functioning of or communications between key structures in the brain

Answer 74

Clinicians provide individual, group, or family therapy as an adjunct to mood-stabilizing drugs

Abnormal Psych Chapter 6 Flashcards

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