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Abnormal Psych Exam 2 > Abnormal Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In ________ studies, researchers extensively study one person or group of people.

A

case study

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2
Q

In __________ studies, the relationship between two (or more) variables is examined without experimental manipulation.

A

correlational

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3
Q

This value quantifies the relationship between two variables.

A

correlation coefficient

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4
Q

The correlation coefficient is also called _________

A

Pearson’s coefficient

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5
Q

The correlation coefficient represents a number between ____ and _____

A

1 and -1

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6
Q

The sign of a correlation coefficient represents the _______ of the relationship.

A

direction

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7
Q

The absolute size of a correlation coefficient represents the ______ of the relationship.

A

strength

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8
Q

If a “best fitting line” is completely horizontal, the correlation coefficient is _____

A

0

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9
Q

The directionality problem refers to the fact that ___________

A

correlation does not equal causation

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10
Q

In _________ studies, the frequency and distribution of a problem is studied in a specific population.

A

epidemiological

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11
Q

The proportion of a population that has a problem at a given time refers to _________

A

prevalence

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12
Q

The number of new cases of something during the same time period refers to _________

A

incidence

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13
Q

Conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a problem are _________

A

risk factors

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14
Q

Only a(n) ________ study can be used to show causation.

A

experimental

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15
Q

Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors are often used in a(n) __________ study.

A

epidemiological

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16
Q

A(n) ________ study examines a causal relation between two variables.

A

experimental

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17
Q

In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be causal and is therefore manipulated is the _______ variable.

A

independent

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18
Q

In an experimental study, the variable that is thought to be controlled by the manipulated variable is the _______ variable.

A

dependent

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19
Q

In group studies, __________ is used to balance the number of external factors that could influence the manipulated variable.

A

random assignment

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20
Q

A(n) ________ refers to an idea stated before an experiment that suggests cause and effect.

A

hypothesis

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21
Q

___________ is used to determine if there are differences between groups due to chance.

A

statistical significance testing

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22
Q

A p-value that is ________ can be viewed as statistically significant.

A

less than 0.5

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23
Q

To assess __________, experimenters must ask, “Did the independent variable produce the outcomes, or did other factors contribute to the finding?”

A

internal validity

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24
Q

Internal validity assesses whether or not _______

A

the IV is the only significant factor in producing a difference between groups

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25
Q

When one type of validity (external/internal) is high, the other is _____

A

low

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26
Q

Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria is used to increase _______

A

internal validity

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27
Q

Control groups are used primarily to increase ________

A

internal validity

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28
Q

Random assignment is used primarily to increase ________

A

internal validity

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29
Q

Internal validity is increased by __________

A

Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, control groups, random assignment

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30
Q

A randomized clinical trial with very strict guidelines is called a(n) ________

A

efficacy study

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31
Q

Efficacy studies increase ________

A

internal validity

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32
Q

External validity assesses whether or not _______

A

findings are generalizable

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33
Q

Effectiveness studies are used to increase __________

A

external validity

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34
Q

“Embracing the norms” in an experiment is used to increase ________

A

external validity

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35
Q

What are the types of control groups that can be used in a group experimental design?

A

No treatment/wait list, placebo, alternative treatment

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36
Q

Group experimental designs compare groups when a(n) IV is ________, ________, or _________

A

introduced, changed, withdrawn

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37
Q

The placebo control group is hard to use for _________

A

psychotherapy treatment

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38
Q

Often, the most ethical type of control group is _________

A

alternative treatment

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39
Q

In a ___________, participants and experimenters are unaware of which group is the control group

A

double-blind procedures

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40
Q

Double-blind procedures help to decrease the _______

A

allegiance effect

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41
Q

In ________ studies, a phenomenon that cannot be tested by a true experiment is substituted for a similar phenomenon in the laboratory.

A

analogue

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42
Q

Analogue studies are used when _______ cannot be done for ethical/logistical reasons.

A

true experiments

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43
Q

A study that examines/tests participants who do not have a disorder but are similar to people with that disorder could be an example of a(n) _________ study.

A

analogue

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44
Q

A(n) ________ refers to something that is related to the disorder of interest in a study.

A

analogue

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45
Q

In _________ designs, the sequential application of control and experimental variables is examined in an individual.

A

single-case

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46
Q

An alternation between _______ and ________ measurements are used in a single-case design.

A

baseline, intervention

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47
Q

Reversal and multiple baseline designs are two methods used for ______ studies.

A

single-case

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48
Q

A reversal design is also called a(n) ________ design.

A

ABAB

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49
Q

In an ABAB design, the baseline is represented by ____, and the treatment is represented by ______.

A

A, B

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50
Q

A _________ design follows a single person with more than one behavioral problem.

A

multiple baseline

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51
Q

In the real-world with practicing clinicians, the ________ approach is more often used for single-case designs.

A

multiple baseline

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52
Q

For single-case designs, are pre- and post- assessments adequate to assess treatment?

A

no

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53
Q

In ________ designs, correlational and experimental research are combined.

A

mixed

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54
Q

In mixed designs, participants in different groups _____ on some kind of a(n) __________.

A

differ, classification variable

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55
Q

To study behavior over time, these designs are used:

A

cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential

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56
Q

A(n) ________ design compares different age groups (cohorts) at one time.

A

cross-sectional

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57
Q

A limitation of cross-sectional designs is the _________

A

cohort effect

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58
Q

A(n) ________ design follows the same individuals over time.

A

longitudinal

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59
Q

A limitation of longitudinal designs is the _________

A

cross-generational effect

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60
Q

A(n) _________ design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by beginning with participants of different age groups and following them all over time.

A

sequential

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61
Q

To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a Major Depressive Episode, at least _____ of the symptoms (including the required symptom/s) listed have been present during the same ______ period.

A

5, 2-week

62
Q

Of the listed criteria for MDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced _________, _________, or both.

A

sad or depressed mood, loss of interest in activities

63
Q

Anhedonia refers to the __________

A

loss of interest in activities

64
Q

A loss of interest in activities refers to _________

A

anhedonia

65
Q

The criteria for Major Depressive Disorder include:

A

Sad or depressed moon, anhedonia, insomnia/hypersomnia, significant weight/appetite change, fatigue, psychomotor retardation/agitation, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of suicide or death

66
Q

About _____ % of people with Major Depressive Disorder experience recurrent thoughts of suicide or death

A

70

67
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can be characterized by just one ______, but they are usually ________.

A

Major Depressive Episode, recurrent

68
Q

Each MDE _______ the risk of having more episodes.

A

increases

69
Q

The average MDE duration for those with MDD is _____

A

4 months

70
Q

Worldwide lifetime prevalence of MDD is _____ %

A

16

71
Q

___ % of non-Hispanic white people experience MDD in the U.S.

A

17.9

72
Q

___ % of non-Hispanic Black people experience MDD in the U.S.

A

10.8

73
Q

___ % of Hispanic people experience MDD in the U.S.

A

13.5

74
Q

MDD is ____ more common in _____

A

2x, women

75
Q

The average age of onset for MDD is ____

A

25

76
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) used to be called _______ in previous editions of the DSM.

A

dysthymia

77
Q

PDD is characterized by depressive symptoms lasting _____ or longer.

A

2 years

78
Q

Dysthymia often has _____ symptoms than MDD.

A

milder

79
Q

Of the listed criteria for PDD, a person cannot be diagnosed unless they have experienced ______.

A

depressed mood

80
Q

In order for someone to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder, their symptoms cannot be better explained by a(n) _______ or by a(n) ________.

A

psychotic disorder, tragic event

81
Q

Someone can be diagnosed with PDD if, for 2 years, they have never been without the criteria for more than _____ at a time.

A

2 months

82
Q

Along with the required criteria of PDD, the diagnosis requires ____ other symptoms from the given list.

A

2

83
Q

The average duration of PDD is ____

A

5 years

83
Q

The criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder include:

A

Depressed mood, poor appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness

84
Q

What are the types of presentations of PDD?

A

Pure dysthymia, persistent MDE, intermittent MDE

85
Q

The prognosis is _____ for PDD than it is for MDD

A

worse

86
Q

Double depression refers to a case where someone has ________ and ______

A

PDD and MDD

87
Q

The combination of PDD and MDD results in _______

A

double depression

88
Q

Late onset of PDD is in one’s ______, while early onset would be ________

A

early 20s, before 21

89
Q

PDD has a ______ link to family history than MDD

A

greater

90
Q

The world-wide prevalence of PDD is ___ %

A

3.6

91
Q

PDD seems to be tied to _____ suicide attempts than MDD

A

more

92
Q

Treatment for PDD is often _____ difficult than for MDD

A

more

93
Q

A mood that is abnormally low is characterized as _______

A

depression

94
Q

A mood that is abnormally high is characterized as _______

A

mania

95
Q

The two categories of mood disorders are ________ and _________

A

bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders

96
Q

The primary bipolar/related disorders are ________

A

Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder

97
Q

The main difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II is the ________

A

degree of mania

98
Q

A mood elevation that is clearly abnormal but not quite as high as mania is __________

A

hypomania

99
Q

In Bipolar I, ________ alternates with _______

A

mania, MDE

100
Q

In Bipolar II, ________ alternates with _______

A

hypomania, MDE

101
Q

Hypomania lasts at least ____

A

4 days

102
Q

A manic episode lasts at least ____, or any duration if ________ is necessary

A

1 week, hospitalization

103
Q

In order for someone to be diagnosed with a manic episode, they must experience _______

A

Elevated, expansive, or irritable and goal-directed activity or energy

104
Q

The criteria for Bipolar I Disorder include:

A

Elevated/irritable goal-directed energy, inflated self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, hyperactivity, distractibility, excessive high-risk and pleasurable activities

105
Q

If someone’s manic episode is characterized by elevated/expansive activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to be diagnosed with Bipolar I. If the manic episode is characterized by irritable activity or energy, they need at least _____ additional symptoms to get the diagnosis.

A

3, 4

106
Q

In order to received a diagnosis for Bipolar II Disorder, _______ must alternate with ______

A

Hypomania, MDD

107
Q

The world-wide prevalence of Bipolar Disorder is ___ %

A

1

108
Q

In the U.S., ___ % of males experience Bipolar

A

0.9

109
Q

In the U.S., ___ % of females experience Bipolar

A

1.3

110
Q

Women tend to have more ______ episodes, and men tend to have more ______ episodes.

A

major depressive, manic/hypomanic

111
Q

White individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______, while Black individuals are more likely to get a diagnosis of _______.

A

Bipolar, Schizophrenia

112
Q

Hypomania differs from mania in severity of ______ and ______.

A

impairment, duration

113
Q

Average age of onset for Bipolar I is ____

A

18

114
Q

Average age of onset for Bipolar II is ____

A

22

115
Q

____ % of those diagnosed with Bipolar I die by _____

A

15, suicide

116
Q

_____ % of Bipolar __ cases progress to Bipolar __.

A

10-13, II, I

117
Q

Both Bipolar I and Bipolar II tend to be _____

A

chronic

118
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder is characterized by ____ severe symptoms than manic and major depressive episodes.

A

less

119
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder lasts at least _____

A

2 years

120
Q

The lifetime prevalence of Cyclothymic Disorder is ___ %

A

1

121
Q

The average age of onset for Cyclothymic Disorder is _____

A

12-14

122
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder tends to be _____

A

lifelong

123
Q

Most cases of Cyclothymic Disorder are found in _______

A

women

124
Q

____ of those with Cyclothymic Disorder go on to develop Bipolar I or II.

A

1 in 3

125
Q

The primary depressive disorders are:

A

Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

126
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is reserved for diagnosing people _____ years of age.

A

6-18

127
Q

DMDD is characterized by:

A

Severe, recurrent outbursts of temper

128
Q

DMDD cannot coexist with _______

A

Bipolar disorder

129
Q

The diagnostic criteria for DDMD are:

A

Severe, recurrent and outbursts of temper, outbursts that are inconsistent with developmental level, outbursts occurring at least 3 times a week, mood before outbursts is observably and persistently irritable

130
Q

In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the criteria need to present for at least _____, and in that time, they have not had any more than _____ in which they did not show all symptoms.

A

12 months, 3 months

131
Q

In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, the outbursts must be present in/with at least 2 of the following settings:

A

School, home, peers

132
Q

In order for DMDD to be diagnosed, there can be no more than ____ in which criteria for hypomanic/manic episodes have not been met (aside from the duration criteria).

A

1 day

133
Q

PMDD can only be diagnosed with at least ___ of the required symptoms and at least ____ total.

A

1, 5

134
Q

Symptoms for PMDD include:

A

affective lability, irritability, depressed mood, anxiety/tension, anhedonia, reduced concentration, fatigue, appetite change, sleep disruption, feeling overwhelmed, gaining weight/feeling bloated

135
Q

Affective lability refers to ______

A

mood swings

136
Q

PMDD is confirmed by prospective ______ over _____ cycles.

A

daily ratings, 2

137
Q

____ % of women of reproductive age experience PMDD.

A

3-8

138
Q

The mood disorder specifiers are:

A

anxious distress, mixed, atypical, melancholic, catatonia, psychotic, peripartum, seasonal pattern

139
Q

The two types of the seasonal pattern specifier are ______ and ______

A

Atypical, typical depressive

140
Q

Symptoms of the atypical seasonal pattern specifier are:

A

decreased energy, increased appetite/weight, carb craving, increased sleep, afternoon/evening slump

141
Q

When people experience manic and depressive symptoms at the same time, they are in what is called a(n) ______

A

mixed state

142
Q

Symptoms of the typical depressive seasonal pattern specifier are:

A

depressed mood, loss of interest, impairment, decreased interest in sex, decreased concentration

143
Q

The “winter blues” is a ______ case of SAD called _____

A

sub threshold, S-SAD

144
Q

In the U.S., SAD prevalence increases as ______ increases.

A

latitude

145
Q

Average age of onset for SAD is ____

A

mid-20s

146
Q

The seasonal pattern specifier is most common in people with ____, then ____, and then ____.

A

MDD, Bipolar II, Bipolar I

147
Q

Seasonal pattern specifier is more common in _____

A

women

148
Q

The average length of an MDE for someone with a seasonal pattern specifier is _____

A

5 months

149
Q

The mixed mood disorder specifier occurs when there are at least ____ manic symptoms and at least ____ MDE.

A

3, 1

150
Q

Bipolar __ requires history of MDD, but Bipolar __ does not.

A

II, I

Abnormal Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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