Abnormal Psychology Lecture Flashcards
(342 cards)
1
Q
A condition characterized by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that create dysfunction. This can impair a person’s relationships and disrupt their ability to live their live productively, think clearly, communicate with others, hold a job or deal with stressful events.
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Mental disorder
2
Q
The study of psychological disorders and their symptoms.
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Psychopathology
3
Q
The study of the causes of disorders.
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Etiology
4
Q
“Four D’s” of criteria in defining psychological disorders.
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Deviance, dysfunction, distress, and danger
5
Q
These theories attribute mental illness to possession by evil or demonic spirits, displeasure of Gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin.
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Supernatural theories
6
Q
These theories identify disturbances in physical functioning resulting from either illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage or imbalance.
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Somatogenic theories
7
Q
These theories focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions.
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Psychogenic theories
8
Q
As early as 6500 BC, surgical drilling of holes in skulls to treat head injuries and epilepsy as well as to allow the evil spirits trapped within the skill, that were presumed to be causing the symptoms of mental disorder.
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Trephination
9
Q
These are the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
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Asylums
10
Q
In the late 1700s this French physician argued for the more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
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Philippe Pinel
11
Q
In the 19th century, this person led reform efforts for mental health care in the United States.
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Dorothea Dix
12
Q
The founder of modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology, and psychiatric genetics and believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction.
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Emil Kraepelin
13
Q
This is Kraepelin’s definition for what we now call schizophrenia; the “sub-acute development of a peculiar simple condition of mental weakness occurring at a youthful age”
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Dementia praecox
14
Q
Common patterns of symptoms over time (rather than by simple similarity of major symptoms)
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Syndrome
15
Q
This is the model emphasizing the various factors influencing disorders.
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Biopsychosocial model
16
Q
Therapy that is not the individual’s choice.
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Involuntary treatment
17
Q
The individual chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.
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Voluntary treatment
18
Q
This is the co-occurrence of two disorders.
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Comorbidity
19
Q
A professional who works directly with patients or clients and may diagnose, treat, and otherwise care for them.
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Clinician
20
Q
Determining the single diagnosis that is most relevant to the person’s chief complaint or need for treatment.
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Principal diagnosis
21
Q
A medical process where a clinician working in the field of mental health systematically examines a patient’s mind and the way they look, think, feel, and behave.
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Mental status examination
22
Q
A theoretically-based explanation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment.
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Clinical formulation
23
Q
The systematic review of a person’s cultural background and the role of culture in the manifestation of symptoms and dysfunction.
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Cultural formation
24
Q
Type of contract that specifies the goals of treatment, treatment procedures, and a regular schedule for the time, place, and duration of their treatment sessions.
A
Treatment plan
25
Written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of clients or patients.
Psychological tests
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These are administered and scored in a consistent manner and the questions, conditions for administering, scoring procedures, and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.
Standardized tests
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These tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as IQ) in comparison to a norming group.
Intelligence & achievement tests
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These tests aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
Personality tests
29
These tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway.
Neuropsychological tests
30
Clinical psychologists use these to diagnose psychological disorders and related disorders found in the DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Diagnostic measurement tools
31
Clinical psychologists being trained to gather data by observing behavior.
Clinical observation
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A face-to-face encounter between a mental health professional and a patient in which the former observes the latter and gathers data about the person's behavior, attitudes, current situation, personality, and life history.
Clinical interview
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A type of interview wherein questions are open-ended and not prearranged. More informal and free flowing.
Unstructured interview
34
A type of interview wherein a specific set of questions according to an interview schedule are asked.
Structured interview
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A type of interview wherein a list of questions are pre-set but clinicians are able to follow up on specific issues that catch their attention.
Semi-structured interview
36
This is important for children who seem to be experiencing learning difficulties or severe behavioral problems. Also, it can be used to ascertain whether the child's difficulties can be partly attributed to an IQ score that is significantly different from the mean for her age group.
Intelligent testing
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The score derived by dividing a child's mental age by their chronological age to create an overall quotient.
IQ / Intelligence Quotient
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Intelligence test made up of a pool of specific abilities and assesses people's ability to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Intelligence test that is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages 6 and 16.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
40
A clinical instrument that assesses problem-solving skills in a manner not related to academic achievement. Designed for children between the ages of 2.5 and 12.5, the K-ABC integrates the developments in psychological theory with statistical methodology.
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)
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A kind of objective test used to assess personality standardized questions with fixed response categories that the test-taker completes independently.
Self-report inventories
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A personality test wherein responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity versus femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
43
A psychological test in which words, images, or situations are presented to a person and the responses analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal.
Projective testing
44
It is a psychological test that presents subjects with 10 ambiguous inkblots and asks them to describe what they see in each one.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
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This test involves presenting individuals with ambiguous picture cards and asking them to create stories about what they see.
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
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It involves completing a set of 40 incomplete sentences, with the responses reflecting an individual's thoughts, attitudes, and personality.
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
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These are useful to test for cognitive and neurological impairments, deficiencies in knowledge, thought process, or judgment.
Cognitive assessments
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This is a brief, widely used questionnaire to assess cognitive impairment. It's a 30-point test that evaluates areas like orientation, registration, attention, recall, language, and visuospatial skills. It is now used less frequently due to copyright laws and additional costs.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
49
It is a rapid screening tool used to detect mild cognitive impairment (e.g., visuospatial skills, attention, language, abstract reasoning, delayed recall, executive function, and orientation). It's a one-page, 30-point test that takes about 10 minutes to administer.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
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One of the faster cognitive assessment screens used. Tests memory, while the clock drawing test evaluates cognitive function, language, executive function, and visuospatial skillls.
Mini-Cog
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This involves the identification and measurement of particular behaviors and the variables affecting their occurrence.
Behavioral assessment
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A widely used caregiver report form identifying problem behavior in children.
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
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This model helps us understand why one person might develop a disorder, or why two people from similar backgrounds might develop different disorderes.
Diathesis-stress model
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A point at which the person's coping abilities and social, psychological, and biological defenses cannot manage their level of life stress.
Threshold
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This is a statistic that estimates the degree of variation of a phenotypic trait in a population, such as the presence of a mental disorder, that is due to genetic variation between individuals from that population.
Heritability
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These signals receive information from other neurons, called pre-synaptic neurons, or from the environment.
Dendrites
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This is a thin fiber that connects neurons (nerve cells) to that they can communicate.
Axon
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These specialized proteins that detect and respond to stimuli, converting them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the brain and spinal cord for processing and interpretation.
Receptors
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Between signals, the neuron membrane's potential is held in a state of readiness, called __________.
The resting potential
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A positive spike constitutes the ________ ; an electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down to the axon to the axon terminals.
Action potential
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This is a neurotransmitter and hormone produced in the brain that plays a crucial role in the body's reward system, influencing motivation, mood, and movement.
Dopamine
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This is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and digestion, among other processes. Low levels of this are associated with depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions.
Serotonin
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This is a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the body, playing crucial roles in various physiological processes. It is primarily known for its role in the "fight or flight" response, increasing alertness, arousal, and attention, and also influences blood pressure, heart rate, and energy levels.
Norepinephrine
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A major inhibitory neurotransmitter, often believed to be related to calming down or relaxation; it has links and connections to alcohol and other substances.
GABA
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An excitatory neurotransmitter, related to learning and memory and other functions.
Glutamate
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This consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the body's control center.
Central nervous system (CNS)
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This consists of all the other nerves, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the CNS; it is how we control our "voluntary" muscle movements
Somatic nervous system
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Controls the functioning of our organs and glands including "involuntary" muscle movement
Autonomic nervous system
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Related to energy use and maintaining homeostasis such as our body temperature
Sympathetic activation
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Associated with normal functioning under relaxed conditions, sometimes referred to as governing "feed and breed" and then "rest and digest"
Parasympathetic activation
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Consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
Endocrine system
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The largest part of the brain, accounting for about 80% of the neurons in the central nervous system
Forebrain
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A hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that is in the lower part of the brainstem and regulates ongoing, mostly automatic systems in the body including heart rate, breathing, digestion, and other processes we don't often consciously think about
Hindbrain
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A hemisphere of the cerebral cortex that handles input from our senses and uses this to help coordinate movement and parts of the reticular activating system which is involved in managing our sleep/wake cycle and other processes related to tension and arousal
Midbrain
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Lobe of the brain that is located in the forward part of the brain and is involved in reasoning, abstract thinking, planning, creativity, motor control, emotion, and language.
Frontal lobe
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Area of the brain that is responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning including major inhibitory pathways of neurons that help us regulate our behaviors and reactions and is located in the frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex
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Area of the brain essential for language production and is located in the frontal lobe
Broca's area
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Lobe of the brain that is located immediately behind the frontal lobe and is involved in processing information from the body's senses
Parietal lobe
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Lobe of the brain that is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language
Temporal lobe
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Main area of the brain that is responsible for processing auditory information and is located within the temporal lobe.
Auditory cortex
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Area of the brain that is important for speech comprehension and is located in the temporal lobe.
Wernicke's area
83
Lobe of the brain that is located at the very back. Contains the primary visual cortex.
Occipital lobe
84
Area of the brain that is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information
Primary visual cortex
85
A form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed
Lobotomy
86
Medications are being used to treat mental disorders
Biomedical therapy
87
Any type of drug or chemical that alters the way a person thinks, feels, or behaves
Psychotropic or psychoactive drugs
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Chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site and thus strengthens its effects
Agonists
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Chemicals that impede the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic receptor
Antagonists
90
The best-studied brain stimulation therapy and has the longest history of use. It s a psychiatric treatment where a brief electrical stimulation causes a generalized seizure in the brain.
Electroconvulsive therapy
91
This is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses magnetic pulses to target specific brain regions. Often used to treat various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including treatment-resistant depression, PTSD, OCD, and Tourette syndrome.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
92
It is a neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in the brain and connecting them to a pulse generator, which delivers mild electrical impulses to stimulate specific brain areas. This stimulation can help to alleviate symptoms of various neurological conditions, including movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, as well as epilepsy and neuropsychiatric conditions.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
93
Refers to mental activity (emotional reactions, motivations) of which we are unaware and are unable to access
Unconscious
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This contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth. It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, aggression, and sex
Id
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This is the part of the personality that represents the internalized moral standards and ideals of society. It acts as a "conscience," guiding the ego toward moral behavior and suppressing the id's primitive desires.
Superego
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This is the part of the personality that is conscious and interacts with the external world, mediating between the primitive instincts (id) and the moral conscience (superego). It operates on the "reality principle," aiming to satisfy the id's desires in a realistic and socially acceptable manner.
Ego
97
This theory proposes that personality develops through five stages, each characterized by a different erogenous zone where pleasure-seeking energies are focused.
Psychosexual development
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Psychosexual stage where pleasure is focused on the mouth
Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
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Psychosexual stage where children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements, so it makes sense that the conflict in this stage is over toilet training
Anal stage (1-3 years)
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Psychosexual stage where children become aware of their bodies and recognize the differences between boys and girls
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
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Psychosexual period where sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports
Latency period (6 years to puberty)
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Psychosexual stage where there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface
Genital stage (from puberty onwards)
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Feelings of anxiety resulting from the ego's inability to mediate the conflict between the id and superego
Defense mechanisms
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Defense mechanism of refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant
Denial
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Defense mechanism of transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
Displacement
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Defense mechanism of attributing self's unacceptable desires to others
Projection
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Defense mechanism of justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons
Rationalization
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Defense mechanism of reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
Reaction formation
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Defense mechanism of returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
Regression
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Defense mechanism of unconsciously blocking painful memories and thoughts
Repression
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Defense mechanism of consciously and deliberately trying to ignore or avoid thoughts, feelings, or impulses
Suppression
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Defense mechanism of redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
Sublimation
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A type of treatment for mental disorders that is mostly focused on psychogenic models of the etiology of psychopathology
Psychotherapy
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Psychodynamic treatment wherein the patient relaxes then says whatever comes to mind at the moment without attempting to edit or worry how the therapist might react
Free association
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Psychodynamic treatment wherein dreams contain not only manifest (or literal) content, but also latent (or symbolic) content
Dream analysis
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Psychodynamic treatment wherein the patient transfers all the positive / negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to psychoanalyst
Transference
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Approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model
Psychodynamic perspective
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A philosophical approach emphasizing a holistic view of human beings, validating the nature of human emotions, thought, behavior, and choices
Existentialism
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The goal of this therapy is to create conditions in which clients can discover their self-worth, feel comfortable exploring their own identity, and alter behavior to better reflect this identity
Person-centered therapy (PCT)
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This refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, without condition
Unconditional positive regard
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The therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings so they can take responsibility for their own direction in life and for their choices
Nondirective therapy
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This approach emphasizes actual behaviors by animals and human beings rather than trying to study or evaluate things that could not be seen or tested
Behavioral approach
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This is a learning process where an automatic response (like salivation) becomes associated with a specific stimulus.
Classical conditioning (Pavlovian)
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A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus (e.g., dog's salivation)
Unconditioned response
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Presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
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A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS)
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The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
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Organisms learning to associate a behavior with its consequence
Operant conditioning
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Consequences that increase the frequency of a behavior
Reinforcement/reinforcer
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Consequences that decrease how often a behavior occurs
Punishment/punishers
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It is essentially a cognitive process involving perception and interpretation of behaviors and is important because not all forms of learning are accounted for entirely by classical and operant conditioning
Observational learning
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Treatment wherein a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
Counterconditioning
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This treatment uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior
Aversive conditioning
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A therapist seeking to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their anxiety with the idea that due to extinction they will eventually get used to it
Exposure therapy
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The gradual disconnection of the relationship between the unconditioned stimuli and the conditioned stimuli
Extinction
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Wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli
Systematic desensitization
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This is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors.
Rational-emotive-behavioral therapy (REBT)
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A form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress
Cognitive therapy
140
It is a type of talk therapy that helps people identify and change unhelpful or unhealthy thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve their mental and emotional well-being.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
141
The specific and intentional use of different psychotherapy techniques and methods, seeking to match the client's unique struggles and background with treatments that have been shown to be effective in that context
Technical eclecticism
142
This approach blends two or more models of therapy, both theory and techniques, in an attempt to find a more effective approach to helping clients
Theoretical integration
143
This is used to describe situations where physicians or psychiatrists prescribe several different medications in a patient's treatment
Combination therapy
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This is marked by excessive anxiety or worry for most days (for at least 6 months) about personal health, work, social interactions, and daily routines
Generalized anxiety disorder
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This involves an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat
Fear
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This involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event
Anxiety
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A person experiencing both panic attacks (e.g., extreme physiological sensations) and intense anxiety and avoidance for at least one month
Panic disorder
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This is a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
Panic attack
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This is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
Social anxiety disorder
150
This is a specific type of anxiety disorder. It causes fear and anxiety centered on separation from a close attachment figure for at least four weeks before a child is eighteen years old.
Separation anxiety disorder
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This is an anxiety disorder in which a person normally capable of speech cannot speak in specific situations or to specific people if triggered for more than a month. It usually coexists with social anxiety disorder.
Selective mutism
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This disorder is characterized by the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, that significantly impact an individual's daily life.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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These are characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
Obsessions
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These often include behaviors such as repeated and extensive hand washing, cleaning, checking, and ordering
Compulsions
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This disorder involves being preoccupied with a perceived flaw in one's physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
Body dysmorphic disorder
156
This disorder involves the inability to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are
Hoarding disorder
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This is a psychological disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in the pulling out of one's hair
Trichotillomania
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This is an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder that is characterized by the repeated urge or impulse to pick at one's skin to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused
Excoriation disorder
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These are long-term, ongoing environmental events that can negatively impact a person's physical and mental well-being.
Chronic stressors
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These involve brief focal events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended
Acute stressors
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Minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives
Daily hassles
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Many life events that most people would consider pleasant but may be stressful to others
Eustress
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Extremely stressful or traumatic events, such as combat, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, that place people who experience them at an increased risk for developing psychological disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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This psychological disorder is similar to PTSD but only lasts between 3 days and 1 month of a traumatic event.
Acute stress disorder
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This psychological disorder represents an abnormal stress response that is different from normal adaptive reactions that occurs within three months of the onset of a stressor
Adjustment disorder
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A stressor-related disorder caused by social neglect during childhood. It is a rare but serious condition in infants and young children where they struggle to form healthy attachments with caregivers due to early neglect or abuse.
Reactive attachment disorder
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This is an attachment disorder where children display overly familiar and indiscriminate friendliness with strangers, lacking typical social boundaries and wariness.
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)
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These psychological disorders involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense of self.
Dissociative disorders
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A dissociative disorder wherein there is a feeling of detachment or estrangement from one's self
Depersonalization
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A dissociative disorder wherein there is an alteration in the perception of one's surroundings so that a sense of reality of the external world is lost
Derealization
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A dissociative disorder wherein there is a hypothetical disconnection of memories from conscious inspection. The inability to recall important personal information, usually following a stressful or traumatic experience.
Dissociative amnesia
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A dissociative disorder wherein one suddenly wanders away from one's home, experiencing confusion about their own identity and sometimes even adopting a new identity
Dissociative fugue
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A dissociative disorder wherein a person has thoughts and feelings of uncertainty and conflict to their identity
Identity confusion
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A dissociative disorder wherein the person behaviorally acts out because of this uncertainty and conflict about their own identity
Identity alteration
175
This is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
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A psychological disorder wherein one experiences two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control over one's behavior
Dissociative identity disorder
177
Any mental disorder that manifests as physical symptoms that suggest illness or injury but cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition or by the direct effect of a substance and are not attributable to another mental disorder
Somatic symptom disorder
178
This is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. You may have no physical symptoms. Or you may believe that normal body sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness, even though a thorough medical exam doesn't reveal a serious medical condition.
Illness anxiety disorder
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This is a psychiatric condition where physical symptoms, like weakness, paralysis, or sensory disturbances, are caused by mental or emotional distress rather than a physical illness.
Functional neurological symptom disorder
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This is a mental illness where someone intentionally feigns or exaggerates physical or psychological symptoms, often with the goal of gaining a patient's role or receiving attention, without a clear external reward.
Factitious disorder
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This is a condition in which a personal deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care
Factitious disorder imposed on another
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This is a mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, and other symptoms like sleep disturbances and changes in appetite for at least a two-week period.
Major depressive disorder
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When a person experiences mild to moderate depressed moods for most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, and displays at least two of the symptoms of major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
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This is a mental health condition primarily affecting children and adolescents, characterized by chronic, persistent irritability and frequent, intense temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
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This is a much more severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It may affect people of childbearing age. It’s a severe and chronic health condition that needs attention and treatment. Lifestyle changes and sometimes medicines can help manage symptoms.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
186
This is diagnosed when a person experiences a single or recurrent manic episode.
Bipolar I Disorder (BD I)
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This is characterized by single (or recurrent) hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder (BD II)
188
This is a mood disturbance that makes you atypically energized, both physically and mentally, for a week or more. It can be severe enough to require require hospitalization.
Mania
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It is a milder form of mania. If you’re experiencing this, your energy level is higher than usual, but it’s not too extreme. It may only last for a few days.
Hypomania
190
A mental disorder that involves numerous periods of symptoms of depression and periods of symptoms of hypomania, more than one year for children and two years in adults.
Cyclothymic disorder
191
A satiety hormone
Leptin
192
An eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a bodyweight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
Anorexia nervosa
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It is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or fasting, to prevent weight gain.
Bulimia nervosa
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This is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
195
This is an eating disorder characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated, and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out
Rumination disorder
196
A psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice, soap, hair, paper, metal, soil, stones, glass, or chalk
Pica
197
This is one of the most common sleep disorders and is characterized by consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
198
A sleep disorder in which individuals experience extreme drowsiness and are unable to resist falling asleep at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
199
Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Cataplexy
200
NREM sleep arousal disorder wherein the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile
Sleepwalking
201
NREM sleep arousal disorder wherein a sense of panic sinks in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment
Night terrors
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This is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares, which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardizes their life or personal safety
Nightmare disorder
203
This disorder occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
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Experiencing uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
Restless leg syndrome
205
This is a sleep disorder characterized by unwanted behaviors or experiences that occur during sleep.
Parasomnia
206
This is defined by episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
Sleep apnea
207
This occurs when an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
208
This disrupts signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing causing periods of interrupted breathing
Central sleep apnea (CSA)
209
When an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
210
This is when an individual uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continue to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences
Substance use disorder
211
This involves changes in normal bodily functions wherein the substance user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use
Physical dependence
212
This is an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and the drug is used to relieve psychological distress
Psychological dependence
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This is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses
Tolerance
214
This includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
Drug withdrawal
215
This is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Depressant
216
How much BAC levels are potentially fatal?
0.40
217
This is any drinking of alcohol that results in mental and/or physical health problems ranging anywhere from mild and imperceptible without special testing to severe and grossly overt
Alcohol use disorder (AUD)
218
The recent ingestion of alcohol and clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ingestion
Alcohol intoxication
219
A set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use
Alcohol withdrawal
220
These are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity, such as cocaine
Stimulants
221
This is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methanphetamine
222
This is another stimulant drug and the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs
Caffeine
223
This is a type of substance use disorder that involves the abuse of stimulants
Stimulant use disorder
224
A category of drugs that decrease pain such as heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Opioids
225
This system in the human body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria
Endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system
226
This is a substance use disorder relating to the use of an opioid
Opioid use disorder (OUD)
227
These are a class of psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce sleep and for the treatment of insomnia or for surgical anesthesia
Hypnotic or soporific drugs (sleeping pills)
228
Drugs that serve to calm or relieve anxiety
Sedatives
229
Drugs used to reduce and treat anxiety, such as benzodiazepines like Xanax or Valium
Anxiolytics
230
A class of drugs that, when ingested, result in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
Hallucinogen
231
A drug used for its mind-altering effects
Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)
232
A chronic disorder in which a person has non-psychotic flashbacks of visual hallucinations or distortions from a previous hallucinogenic drug experience
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
233
A broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce intoxication
Inhalants
234
This is defined as a problematic pattern of use of a hydocarbon-based inhalant substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
Inhalant use disorder
235
This occurs frequently during inhalant use disorder but may also occur among individuals whose use does not meet criteria for inhalant use disorder
Inhalant intoxication
236
This is a psychoactive drug that is used primarily for medical or recreational purposes
Cannabis (marijuana)
237
Phase of the human sexual response wherein the arousal phase is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal
Excitement
238
Phase of the human sexual response wherein women experience further swelling of the vagina and increased blood flow to the labia minora and men experience full erection and often exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid
Plateau
239
Phase of the human sexual response wherein women experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension
Orgasm
240
Phase of the human sexual response where the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation
Resolution
241
Phase of the human sexual response wherein a period of time follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm
Refractory period
242
This refers to how one's anatomy, physiology, hormones, and genetics are classified
Sex assigned at birth
243
An enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to persons of another sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender
Sexual orientation
244
Refers to one's sense of being male, female, or another gender
Gender identity
245
An umbrella term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their sex assigned at birth
Cisgender
246
A term used to describe people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their sex assigned at birth
Transgender
247
Distress stemming from an incongruence between a person's felt gender and assigned sex/gender
Gender dysphoria
248
A gender that varies over time
Genderfluid
249
Anyone whose appearance and behavior does not reflect the gender roles expected of them
Gender-nonconforming
250
A spectrum of gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine
Non-binary
251
Any action a transgender person takes in order for the external world to better recognize and reflect their internal gender
Transition
252
Sexual fantasies of a male child for the parent ascribed the opposite gender and hatred for the parent ascribed the same gender
Oedipus complex
253
Sexual fantasies of a female child for the parent ascribed the opposite gender and hatred for the parent ascribed the same gender
Electra complex
254
The various medical treatments and procedures that alter an individual's primary and/or secondary sexual characteristics
Transgender transition services
255
Any form of surgical procedure performed on a transgender person in order to change their sex characteristics to better reflect their gender identity
Gender affirming surgery
256
Surgery to alter the genitalia
Bottom surgery
257
Surgery to alter the chest and breast tissue
Top surgery
258
Lack or absence for some period of time of sexual desire or libido for sexual activity
Sexual desire/dysfunction disorders
259
This is a condition where individuals experience a lack of sexual desire and fantasies, causing distress and interpersonal difficulties.
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD)
260
This is the inability to get or maintain an erection long enough to have sexual intercourse.
Erectile dysfunction
261
These are are conditions where individuals have difficulty reaching orgasm or experiencing a diminished or absent orgasm.
Orgasm disorders
262
This is a prevalent sexual dysfunction in men characterized as a persistent and undesirable premature ejaculation that occurs around 1 minute or less of vaginal penetration and must be experienced in almost all or all occasions during partnered sexual activity
Premature ejaculation
263
This represents a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation
Female orgasm disorder
264
This is genital pain during or after sexual intercourse.
Sexual pain disorder (dyspareunia)
265
These are persistent and recurrent sexual interests, urges, fantasies, or behaviors of marked intensity involving objects, activities, or even situations that are atypical in nature
Paraphilias
266
This is a type of paraphilia where a person experiences sexual arousal primarily or exclusively from inanimate objects or specific body parts.
Fetishism
267
This is a psychological state where an individual experiences intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, particularly with feminine garments.
Transvestic fetishism
268
A paraphilia where individuals experience recurrent, intense sexual urges or fantasies involving exposing their genitals to unsuspecting strangers.
Exhibitionism
269
A paraphilia that involves sexual arousal and gratification derived from watching unsuspecting individuals engaged in private activities like disrobing, being naked, or engaging in sexual activity.
Voyeurism
270
This is a paraphilia characterized by intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, typically in public places.
Frotteurism
271
This refers to a psychological phenomenon where individuals experience sexual arousal and pleasure from fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.
Sexual masochism
272
This is a form of paraphilia where people have either acted on the intense urges or have debilitating or distressing fantasies with sexually sadistic themes that they have not acted upon.
Sexual sadism
273
This is a paraphilia where there is an ongoing sexual attraction to pre-pubertal children.
Pedophilia
274
This is an act in which a person intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in sexual acts against their will
Sexual assault
275
This is a devastating psychological disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
Schizophrenia
276
These are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence
Delusions
277
This refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes
Disorganized thinking
278
This refers to unusual behaviors and movements
Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
279
This is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
Hallucination
280
These are symptoms in schizophrenia that add or amplify behaviors and experiences that are not normally present, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking and speech.
Positive symptoms
281
These symptoms in schizophrenia represent a decrease or loss of normal functions and behaviors, rather than the addition of new ones.
Negative symptoms
282
Reduced intensity and range of emotional expression, including blunted facial expressions and a monotone voice
Flat affect
283
Poverty of speech, characterized by reduced quantity and content of speech, and difficulty finding words
Alogia
284
Lack of motivation and a decrease in the ability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities, including tasks like personal hygiene and daily chores
Avolition
285
Difficulty experiencing pleasure or enjoyment in activities that were previously enjoyable
Anhedonia
286
Reduced social interaction, withdrawal from social situations, and difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
Asociality
287
This is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent, fixed, false beliefs that last for at least one month without other symptoms of psychosis.
Delusional disorder
288
This type of delusion includes involving a phenomenon that is impossible, not understandable, and unrelated to normal life
Bizarre delusions
289
This type of delusion involves situations that are possible, such as being manipulated or harmed, but remain fixed false beliefs even after proven false
Non-bizarre delusions
290
This disorder involves the sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom, like delusions or hallucinations, lasting between one day and one month, with a full return to normal functioning after the episode.
Brief psychotic disorder
291
This disorder is characterized by symptoms similar to schizophrenia, but of shorter duration, between one and six months.
Schizophreniform disorder
292
This disorder is marked by a mix of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression, mania and a milder form of mania called hypomania.
Schizoaffective disorder
293
This disorder is characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions due to the direct effects of a substance or withdrawal from a substance in the absence of delirium.
Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder
294
These are ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, dating back to adolescence or early adulthood that deviate markedly from cultural expectations.
Personality disorders
295
What is Cluster A in personality disorders?
Odd, eccentric
296
What is Cluster B in personality disorders?
Dramatic, emotional, erratic
297
What is Cluster C in personality disorders?
Anxious, fearful
298
A personality disorder that is described to show distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting motives as malevolent.
Paranoid personality disorder
299
A personality disorder that is described to show detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression, and preference for solitude.
Schizoid personality disorder
300
A personality disorder that is described to show social anxiety, eccentric behavior, magical thinking, and odd beliefs or speech.
Schizotypal personality disorder
301
A personality disorder that is described to show disregard for others’ rights, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and lack of remorse.
Antisocial personality disorder
302
A personality disorder that is described to show instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions; fear of abandonment, impulsivity.
Borderline personality disorder
303
A personality disorder that is described to show excessive emotionality and attention-seeking; dramatic, theatrical, shallow relationships.
Histrionic personality disorder
304
A personality disorder that is described to show grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy, sense of entitlement.
Narcissistic personality disorder
305
A personality disorder that is described to show social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitive to negative evaluation.
Avoidant personality disorder
306
A personality disorder that is described to show excessive needs to be taken care of, submissive, fear of separation, difficulty making decisions.
Dependent personality disorder
307
A personality disorder that is described to show preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
308
When do personality disorders typically emerge?
During adolescence / early adulthood and remain stable over time
309
A wide range of mental activities such as the ability of logical reasoning and practical intelligence (problem-solving), ability in learning, verbal skills, etc.
Intelligence
310
A total score obtained from standardized tests (IQ tests) developed from evaluating human intelligence
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
311
Formerly known as mental retardation, this is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
Intellectual Developmental Disorder or Intellectual Disability
312
This is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy, particularly affecting memory, thinking, and behavior.
Alzheimer’s disease
313
This is a genetic disorder or chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
314
These encompass a range of difficulties with hearing, speech, language, and social communication.
Communication disorders
315
This is a condition where individuals struggle to use and understand language, regardless of their intelligence or hearing.
Language disorder
316
This is a communication difficulty where individuals have trouble producing specific sounds or sound patterns, leading to speech that can be hard to understand.
Speech sound disorder
317
This is a communication disorder characterized by a disturbance in the flow and timing of speech that is inappropriate for an individual's age.
Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
318
This is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication.
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
319
This is a complex developmental condition involving persistent challenges with social communication, restricted interests and repetitive behavior.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
320
This is a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
321
A classification of disorders in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner within one of several domains
Specific learning disorder
322
This is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding).
Dyslexia
323
This is a learning disorder that disrupts a person's ability to understand numbers and math-related concepts.
Dyscalculia
324
This is a learning disorder that makes it difficult to write for a person's age level, such as grammatical and punctuation errors within sentences, poor paragraph organization, multiple spelling errors, and extremely poor penmanship.
Dysgraphia
325
This is a mental disorder diagnosed in children and adolescents characterized by a persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial, and rule-breaking behaviors that violate the rights of others and societal norms.
Conduct disorder
326
This disorder involves a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures.
Oppositional defiant disorders
327
These disorders are malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body
Motor disorders
328
Chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
329
A motor disorder that may cause sudden unwanted and uncontrolled rapid and repeated movements or vocal sounds called tics.
Tourette's syndrome
330
A motor disorder that is characterized by involuntary movements or sounds, called tics, that have been present for more than a year.
Persistent tic disorder
331
A motor disorder that is characterized by involuntary, brief, sudden, and repeated movements or sounds (tics) that have been present for less than one year.
Provisional tic disorder
332
Voiding of urine into bed/clothing in children who are at least 5 years of age
Enuresis
333
Voluntary or involuntary voiding of the bowels in inappropriate places in children who are at least four years of age
Encopresis
334
These are are a category of mental health disorders primarily affecting cognitive abilities like memory, learning, and problem-solving.
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
335
Formerly known as dementia, this is a condition characterized by a significant decline in cognitive function, leading to difficulties with daily tasks and a progressive deterioration in mental abilities.
Major neurocognitive disorder
336
It is a mental state in which you are confused, disoriented, and not able to think or remember clearly.
Delirium
337
This is a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.
Alzheimer's disease
338
This is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement, but also impacts mental health, sleep, and other bodily functions.
Parkinson's disease
339
This is a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
340
This is dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells.
Vascular dementia
341
These are rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded proteins, which can trigger other normal proteins to misfold, leading to brain damage and a range of neurological symptoms.
Prion disease
342
This is an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die.
Huntington's disease
