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Abnormal Psychology Test 1 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What is Abnormal Psychology?

A

Branch of Psychology that deals with unusual patterns of behavior, emotions and thought

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2
Q

What is Clinical Psychology?

A

Seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological condtions

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3
Q

Axis I

A

Clinical Disorders that focus on Clinical Attention

EXCLUDING MENTAL RETARDATION

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4
Q

Axis II

A

Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

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5
Q

Axis III

A

General Medical Conditions

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6
Q

Axis IV

A

These are Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

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7
Q

Axis V

A

Global Assessment of Functioning

Report of overall functioning using the GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)

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8
Q

Define Mental Retardation

A

This is significant sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ of 70 or below) with the onset before 18 years of age

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9
Q

Define Learning Disorders

A

Academic functioning that is substantially below that expected given person’s age.

Includes: Reading disorders, Mathematics disorder, Disorder of written expression, and learning disorder not otherwise specified

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10
Q

Define Motor Skills Disorder

A

Development coordination disorder, which is characterized by motor coordination

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11
Q

Define Communication Disorder

A

Difficulties in speech or language
Include: expressive language disorder, mixed receptive expressive language disorder, phonological disorder and stuttering

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12
Q

Define Pervasive Developmental Disorders

A

Impairment in reciprocal social interaction, impairment in communication and the presence of stereotyped behavior

Include: autistic disorder, rett’s disorder, asperger’s disorder

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13
Q

Define Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder

A

Inattention and or hyperactivity-impulsivity

Also includes: Disruptive behavior disorders: conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder

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14
Q

Define Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood`

A

Persistent disturbances in feeding and eating.

Includes: Pica, Rumination Disorder, Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

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15
Q

Define Tic Disorders

A

Characterized by vocal and or motor tics

Include: Tourette’s, Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder and Transiet Tic Disorder

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16
Q

Define Elimination Disorders

A

Includes Encopresis (feces in inappropriate places) and Enuresis (urinating in inappropriate places)

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17
Q

What are the Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence?

A
  1. Separation Anxiety Disorder
  2. Selective Mutism
  3. Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood
  4. Stereotypic Movement Disorder
  5. Disorders of Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence Not otherwise Specified
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18
Q

Mental Retardation

A

Axis II
Sub-average intellectual functioning
Limitations in the following areas: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health and safety

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19
Q

Mild Mental Retardation

A

IQ 50/55-70
Educable
Most people fall here 85%

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20
Q

Moderate Mental Retardation

A

IQ 35/40-50/55
Trainable
Don’t benefit from educational programs
10%

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21
Q

Severe Mental Retardation

A

IQ 20/25-35/40
Survival words
3-4%

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22
Q

Profound Mental Retardation

A

IQ below 20/25

Neurological impairment present 1-2%

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23
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

A

Primarily biological or psychosocial

6 factors

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24
Q

Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation

Heredity

A

Inborn errors of metabolism
Single gene abnormality
Chromosomal aberrations
Advances in genetics will likely increase the identification of heritable forms of mental retardation

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25
Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation | Early Alteration of Embryonic Development
Chromosomal changes | Prenatal damage due to toxins
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Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation | Environmental Influences
Deprivation of nurturance, social, linguistic and other stimulation
27
Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation | Mental Disorders
Includes: Autistic Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorders
28
Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation | Pregnancy and Perinatal Problems
``` Fetal Malnutrition Prematurity Hypoxia Viral and other infections Trauma ```
29
Predisposing Factors of Mental Retardation | General Medical Conditions Acquired in Infancy or Childhood
Traumas Infections Poisoning
30
Learning Disorders
Formerly known as Academic Skills Disorder Individuals achievement is substantially below that for age, schooling or level of intelligence Demoralization Low Self-Esteem
31
Reading Disorder
``` AKA Dyslexia Reading accuracy, speed or comprehension Oral Reading characterized by: Distortions Substitutions Omissions Slowness Errors in Comprehension ``` 60-80% males
32
Mathematical Disorder
Obviously... Difficulty recognizing numerical symbols or arithmetic signs
33
Disorder of Written Expression
Poor writing Skills | Poor handwriting
34
Developmental Coordination Disorder
Poor Motor Coordination
35
Expressive Language Disorder
Recognized by age 3 Due to brain lesions, head trauma, stroke Onset is sudden Includes: Limited amount of speech Limited vocabulary Difficulty acquiring new words
36
Mixed Receptive- Expressive Language Disorder
Impairment in both receptive and expressive language development Limited vocabulary Detected by age 4 Occurs after period of normal development- result of neurological or medical condition
37
Phonological Disorder
Formerly Developmental Articulation Disorder Failure to use speech sounds Errors in sound production Substitution of one sound for another
38
Stuttering
``` Disturbance of normal fluency and time patterning of speech Eye blinking Tics Tremors of lip/face Jerking of head Breathing moments or fist clenching ```
39
What are the Characteristics of Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Children will have impaired social, communication and stereotype behavior
40
Autistic Disorder
Impaired Development in social interaction and communication Repertoire Delay in developing spoken language
41
Diagnostic Features of Autistic Disorder
Abnormalities in Forebrain, limbic structures and cerebellar circuits and growth patterns of the brain Alteration in brain size is the most consistent replicated finding Typically have small heads at birth followed by excessive increase in head size between 1-2 mo and 6-24 mo
42
Treatment of Autistic Disorder
SRI's Atypical Antipsychotic Anticonvulsants Natural Products and Dietary Restrictions Secretin and Dimethylglycine have failed to demonstrate any benefit in this population
43
Rett's Disorder
Only diagnosed in Females Between 5-48 months head growth decelerates Loss of previously acquired skills Replaced with stereotype hand movements Expressive and receptive language with psychomotor retardation
44
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Loss of previously acquired skills in the first 2 years of birth
45
Asperger's Disorder
Occurs more frequently in Males Impairment in use of nonverbal behaviors: eye to eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, gestures NO delay in language and cognitive development or age appropriate skills- distinguished from autism
46
ADHD
``` Persistent inattention or impulsivity Fail to give close attention to details Make careless mistakes Work is messy Impatience Blurt out answers Difficulty awaiting ones turn Interrupting Intruding ```
47
Conduct Disorder
Rights of others or age-appropriate norms/rules are violated
48
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Negative Defiant Hostile Behavior toward authority figures
49
Pica
Eating of one or more nonnutritive substances
50
Rumination Disorder
Repeated regurgitation and chewing of food occurring after feeding Lasts at least 1 month
51
Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood
Persistent failure to eat adequately
52
Tic Disorders
Sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization 2 Groups: 1. Simple Vocal Tic 2. Complex Vocal Tic: sudden, spontaneous expression of single words/phrases; speech blocking; sudden and meaningless changes in pitch/emphasis; palilalia (repeating one's own sounds or words) and echolalia (repeating last word heard)
53
Treatment of Tics
``` Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs- reduce norepinephrine turnover Neuroleptic drugs Keep stress levels low Psychotherapy TMS: sill experimental ```
54
What are the 4 disorders included under Tic Disorders?
1. Tourette's Disorder 2. Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder 3. Transient Tic Disorder 4. Tic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
55
Tourette's Disorder
Multiple tics More vocal tics Obsessions and Compulsions
56
Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Either motor or vocal NOT BOTH
57
Transient Tic Disorder
Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics
58
Tic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
Doesn't meet criteria for a specific tic
59
What are the 2 Elimination Disorders?
1. Encopresis | 2. Enuresis
60
Encopresis
Passage of feces into inappropriate places | Usually involuntary
61
Enuresis
Voiding of urine during the day or night | Involuntary
62
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or those attached to
63
Selective Mutism
Formerly Elective Mutism Persistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speaking is expected, despite speaking in other situations
64
What are the 10 Anxiety Disorders
1. Panic Attack 2. Agoraphobia 3. Specific Phobia 4. Social Phobia 5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 6. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 7. Acute Stress Disorder 8. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 9. Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 10. Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder
65
Panic Attack
Sudden onset of intense apprehension, fearfulness or terror Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort Symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes
66
Agoraphobia
Anxiety about, avoidance of, places or situations from which escape might be difficult Presence of companion
67
Specific Phobia
Provoked by exposure to a specific feared object or situation AKA Simple Phobia Persistent fear of clearly discernible, circumscribed objects or situations (Criterion A) Ratio of 2:1 for Women to men First symptoms occur in childhood/ early adolescence Predisposing factors: Traumatic event, unexpected panic attacks, observation of others going through trauma, informational transmission (repeated threatening warnings)
68
Social Phobia- Diagnostic Features
Exposure to certain types of social or performance situations Marked and Persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others Interferes significantly with persons normal routine, occupational functioning, or social activities or relationships, or remarked distress If fears include most social situations (dating, conversation) = GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
69
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions or Compulsions
70
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Experiencing an extremely traumatic event Increased Arousal Avoidance of Stimuli
71
Acute Stress Disorder
Occurs immediately in the aftermath of an extremely traumatic even
72
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Persistent and excessive anxiety/worry | At least 6 months
73
Anxiety Disorder due to a General Medical Condition
Direct Physiological consequences of a general medical condition
74
Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Direct physiological consequence of an abused drug, medication or toxin exposure
75
Panic Disorder
Presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern Not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition Constant feelings of anxiety not focused on specific situation or event No Lab findings 10-30% have Vestibular/Respiratory problems 60% Neurological and cardiology clinics Strong genetic distribution
76
5 Subtypes of Specific Phobia
1. Animal Type 2. Natural Environment Type 3. Blood Injection Type: Vasovagal Reaction- Bradycardia 4. Situational Type 5. Other Type
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Descriptive Features/ Assoc. Mental disorders of Social Phobia
Hypersensitivity to criticism, negative evaluation, or rejection; difficulty being assertive; low self esteem or feelings of inferiority
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Differential Diagnosis of Social Phobia
Potential evaluation by others is the key to the anxiety
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Obsessions are defined by:
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress Recognized that reaction is product of their own mind
80
Compulsions are defined by:
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly Hand washing Counting
81
Prevalence of OCD
Equal evidence in males and females Onset typically adolescence can be childhood Males 6-15 yo Females 20-29 yo
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3 Treatments of OCD
1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): 2 electrodes, generator in L chest wall 2. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): 4 electrodes, generators in subclavicular region 3. Transcrainal Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): No implant/surgery
83
4 Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD
1. Exposure to a traumatic event- life threatening or serious injury to self or other, response involved intense fear, helplessness and horror 2. Traumatic event was persistently re-experienced 3. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness 4. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
84
3 Types of PTSD
1. Acute 2. Chronic 3. Delayed Onset
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Acute PTSD
Duration of symptoms is less than 3 months
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Chronic PTSD
Duration of symptoms is 3 months or more
87
Delayed Onset PTSD
Onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor
88
Associated Descriptive features and Mental disorders of PTSD
``` Painful Guilt Avoidance Hallucinations Self destruction Increased rates of Major Depressive Disorder ```
89
3 Diagnostic Features of Acute Stress Disorder
1. Exposure to a traumatic event 2. While experiencing or after experiencing the distressing event, the individual has 3+ of the dissociative symptoms 3. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of the following ways
90
What differentiates Acute Stress Disorder from PTSD?
1. Intensity | 2. Duration: Acute- 2 day minimum and 4 week maximum
91
Associated descriptive features and mental disorders of Acute Stress Disorder
Despair and Hopelessness | Guilt
92
Prevalence of Acute Stress Disorder
When symptoms persist beyond 1 month a diagnosis of PTSD may be appropriate
93
Diagnostic Features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive Anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months about a number of activities

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