Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IHBB > ABO Blood Groups > Flashcards

ABO Blood Groups Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

ABO Allele Theories - Bernstein

A

3 Allele Theory

A - AA, AO
B - BB, BO
AB - AB
O - OO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ABO Allele Theories -Thompson

A

4 Allele Theory

A1 - A1A1, A1,O, A1A2
A2 - A2A2, A2O
A1B - A1B
A2B - A2B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ABO Phenotype in Asians

A - ___%
B - ___%
AB - ___%
O - ___%

A

**ABO Phenotype in Asians

A - 28%
B - 26%
AB - 5%
O - 41%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attachment of precursor substance

A

Ceramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Precursor substance

A

Paragloboside/Glycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Composition of Precursor Substance

A

Glucose - D Galactose - N acetylglucosamine - D Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Precursor Structure

A

H antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coding of ABO Genes

A

Long arm of Chromosome 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in RBCs

Type:
Linkage:
Controlling genes:

A

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in RBCs

Type: Type 2
Linkage: B linkage 1,4
Controlling genes: H, A, B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in Plasma/Proteins

Type:
Linkage:
Controlling genes:

A

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in Plasma/Proteins

Type: Type 1
Linkage: Beta linkage 1,3
Controlling genes: H, Se, Lewis, A, B

Secreted substances are secreted by GLYCOPROTEINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dominant Sugars - Type A

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dominant Sugars - Type B

A

D-Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dominant Sugars - H gene

A

L-fucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amorph Gene

A

O gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

H antigen

No. of Subtypes:
Subtypes:

A

H antigen

No. of Subtypes: 4 subtypes
Subtypes: H1, H2, H3, H4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Amounts of H antigen

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ABO Antibodies

Group O

A

Anti-A (IgM)
Anti-B (IgM)
Anti-A,B (IgG - predominant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ABO Typing Principle

A

Hemagglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Forward Typing (ABO)

Specimen:
Reagent:

A

Forward Typing (ABO)

Specimen: 1 drop RBC suspension (2-5%)
Reagent: 2 drops Anti-sera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Use of Anti-A,B reagent

A
  1. Check anti-A, and anti-B reagents reactions.
  2. Detect weak subgroups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Test for Determination of Secretor Status

A

Hemagglutination Inhibition

Positive Reaction: No agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Color Characteristic of ABO Reagents

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-A,B

A

Color Characteristic of ABO Reagents

Anti-A - Blue
Anti-B - Yellow
Anti-A,B - Colorless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lectins - Ulex Uropaeus

A

Anti-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lectins - Dolichos bilflorus

A

Anti-A1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lectins - Griffonia simplicifolia
Anti-B
26
Grading of agglutination reactions: Forward: ______ Reverse: ______
Grading of agglutination reactions: Forward: 3+ - 4+ Reverse: 2+ - 4+ **Any reactions weaker than the standard agglutination is a DISCREPANCY** | *General rule: Always drop clear solutions first and RBCs second to make
27
One solid aggregate, Clear background
4+
28
Several Large aggregate, Clear background
3+
29
Medium size aggregates, Clear background
2+
30
Small agglutinates, Turbid background
1+
31
Tiny agglutinates, Turbid background
w+
32
No agglutination/Hemolysis
0+
33
Bombay Phenotype
Type O
34
Bombay Genotype
hh/Hnull
35
Confirms Bombay Phenotype
Ulex uropaeus - Anti-H
36
Para-bombay Phenotype
A bombay phenotype with normal expression of Secretions: hh Sese
37
A Subgroups
A1 A2
38
No. of antigens in A1
2 antigens: A, A1
39
No. of antigens in A2
1 antigens: A
40
Population Frequency A1: ___% A2: ___%
Population Frequency A1: 80% A2: 20%
41
Use to differentiate A1 and A2 subgroup
Anti-H Anti-A1 lectin (Dolichos biflorus)
42
Group A subgroup that forms anti-A1
Subgroup A2
43
Forms anti-A1 A2: ___% A2B: ___%
Forms anti-A1 A2: 1-8% A2B: 22-35%
44
Other A subgroups upon RBC reactions with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B: Weak agglutination: No agglutination:
Other A subgroups upon RBC reactions with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B: Weak agglutination: A3, Ax, Aend No agglutination: Am, Ay, Ael
45
Test to perform after no agglutination in RBC reaction with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B to detect other subgroups.
Adsorption and Elution Test
46
A3
mf agglutination
47
Ax
w+ agglutination with anti-A,B only
48
Aend
<10% rbc show mf agglutination
49
Am
Quantities of A substance in saliva
50
Ay
Small quantities of A substance in saliva
51
Ael
Secretors contain H substance only No A substance in saliva
52
B3
mf agglutination
53
Bx
Agglutination with Anti-A,B Weak agglutination or 0+ with anti-B
54
Most common Technical Error in ABO Discrepancies
Clerical errors
55
Group 1 Discrepancies
Weak/Missing ANTIBODIES
56
Group II Discrepancies
Weak/Missing ANTIGENS
57
Group III Discrepancies
Increase Plasma Proteins resulting to Rouleau Formation
58
Group IV Discrepancies
Abnormal antigens (extra antigens) and presence of autoantibodies or alloantibodies both in F/R typing
59
Identify Discrepancy Patient cells: Anti-A, neg Anti-B, 4+ Patient serum: A1 cells, neg B cells, neg
Group I Discrepancy
60
Causes of Group 1 Discrepancy
Newborn Elderly ABO subgroups Immunodeficiency
61
Identify the discrepancy: Anti-A 4+, anti-B 1+ A1 cells neg, B cells 4+
Group II Discrepancy: Acquired B Phenomenon
62
Causes of Group II Discrepancy
Acquired B phenomenon Leukemia Hodgkin's disease Subgroups A or B
63
Group with presence Acquired B phenomenon
Group A
64
Acquired B phenomenon Phenotype: - Forward: - Reverse:
Acquired B phenomenon Phenotype: - Forward: AB - Reverse: A
65
Mechanism of Acquired B Phenomenon
Modification of N-acetylgalactosamine by bacterial enzyme "deacetylase" removing acetylgalactosamine and converting to D-galactosamine that is similar to B antigen which cross-react with anti-B antisera
66
Remedy of Acquired B phenomenon
Use Monoclonal Ab (ES4) Treat RBCs with Acetic Anhydride
67
Workup for Group I and Group II Discrepancies
Incubate Serum with A1 and B cells at RT (15-30 minutes) > No Reaction (ALL NEGATIVE) > Incubate at 4C
68
Identify the Discrepancy? anti-a: 4+ anti-b: 2+ a1cells: 2+ b cells:4+
Group III Discrepancy
69
Causes of Group III discrepancy
High Globulins, Fibrinogen Plasma Expanders Wharton's Jelly in Cord Blood
70
Remedy - Group III Discrepancy
Saline Replacement Technique
71
Causes of Group IV Discrepancy
Polyagglutination Cold Reactive autoantibodies Cis AB Phenotype Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins
72
Polyagglutination: T activation, Tn, and HEMPAS
Nonspecific agglutination of RBcs with all anti-sera due to altered RBCs from bacterial enzymes that exposes antigens that are normally hidden.
73
Confirmation of Polyagglutination
1. Agglutination with most ALL ADULT SERA 2. NO agglutination in CORD SERA
74
Remedy for Group IV - Cold Reactive Autoantibodies Case: All forward and reverse ABO results as well as the autocontrol are positive
RBC sample 1. Incubate for 37C 2. Wash with warm saline 3. Retype Serum sample - PREWARMING Technique 1. Warm at 37C 2. Read 3. if NEG > Cold autoadsorption
75
Cis AB Phenotype anti-A: w+ anti-B: w+
Inheritance of an AB Mother and O Father. Genotype: A, B, O Phenotype - AB

IHBB (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions