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Special Pathology - Repro > Abortion > Flashcards

Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of abortion

A

Expulsion of the fetus before full development; ma be alive or dead

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2
Q

Definition of stillbirth

A

expulsion of a dead fetus at full gestational development

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3
Q

How can you tell a bovine fetus was full term?

A

full term bovine have rupture of incisors

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4
Q

Embryonic death vs. fetal death

A

embryonic death occurs earlier in the gestational period; and may appear as infertility

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5
Q

Ejection of the fetus

A

associated with PGF2alpha release from the EM; regression of the CL; decreased progesterone

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6
Q

Maceration

A

putrefactive destruction of the fetus (fetus is chewed up); associated with endometritis; fetid odor; bacterial etiologies; emphysema

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7
Q

Mummification

A

retained fetus; progressively dehydrated; virtually sterile (no lytic organisms); viral or non-infectious etiologies; may be held indefinitely; parvovirus in porcines

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8
Q

twinning is the most common problem in what animal?

A

mare

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9
Q

twinning is associated with what condition?

A

freemartinism; can cause mummified fetus because of inadequate nutrition

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10
Q

If amniotic fluid is infected, what can result in the fetus?

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia - infected fluid getting into lungs

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11
Q

Campylobacter fetus var. venerealis

A

Transmitted venereally from prepuce/penis in bovines and leads to abortion; ED or early fetal death –> due to irregular estrus

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12
Q

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and jejuni

A

Occurs in ovine and leads to late term abortions; presents itself in abortion storms - 75-80% of the herd aborts at the same time; causes hepatic necrosis in the fetus

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13
Q

Is campylobacter zoonotic?

A

No

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14
Q

Brucella abortus

A

occurs more frequently in bovine via ingestion, leading to systemic infection; may infect trophoblast cells

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15
Q

Brucella canis

A

transmitted via ingestion or venereal –> causes head/neck lymphadenitis; fetus has endocarditis, penumonia, and hepatitis

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16
Q

Brucella ovis/melitensis (goats) is transmitted how?

A

venereal

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17
Q

Brucella suis causes what kind of lesions?

A

Lesions in bones and joints; and causes endometritis (whether or not sow is pregnant)

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18
Q

Is brucella zoonotic?

A

YES

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19
Q

Coxiella burnetti causes what in humans?

A

Q fever

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20
Q

Coxiella burnetti is most common in what animal?

A

Ovines and caprines

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21
Q

Coxiella burnetti is transmitted how? shed? lesions?

A

Ingestion or inhalation, shed in vaginal discharge or milk; affects intercotylednoary chorioallantois: inflammation between cotyledons - thick yellow, covered with exudate

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22
Q

Is codiella brunetti zoonotic?

A

YES

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23
Q

Chlamydophila abortus

A

occurs in ovine; transmitted orally; causes late term abortion (fetal autolysis); intercotyledonary chorioallantois: inflammation between cotyledons

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24
Q

Can sheep be reinfected with chlamydophila abortus?

A

No, they are immune to re-infection

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25
Q

Leptospira occurs largely in what two animals?

A

bovine (L. interrogans serovar hardjo) and porcine (serovar pomona)

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26
Q

Are there clinical signs with leptospira infection?

A

Often no clinical signs; localize int he kidneys; causes abortion weeks after septicemia phase in last trimester

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27
Q

What happens to the placenta and fetus during leptosprira infection?

A

Placental edema with fetal ascites (abundant peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, and pericardial fluid) and peritonitis; advanced fetal autolysis

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28
Q

Is leptospira zoonotic?

A

YES

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29
Q

Is chalmydophila abortus zoonotic?

A

NO

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30
Q

In what states is foothill abortion most common?

A

in california and adjacent states

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31
Q

Etiology of foothill abortion

A

Borrelia-like spirochete - tick associated

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32
Q

Gross lesions of foothill abortion

A

ascites, thymic atrophy, nodular liver, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly

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33
Q

If you suspect a leptospira infection, what type of diagnostic test should you use to confirm results?

A

Lepto is a virus - identify via PCR

34
Q

What three species does Listeria monocytogenes affect?

A

bovine, ovine, and caprine

35
Q

Listeria monocytogenes causes abortion during which trimester? what does it do to the placenta?

A

last; causes placentitis

36
Q

How does an animal acquire listeria monocytogenes infection?

A

eating spoiled silage

37
Q

Listeria monocytogenes lesions in the fetus/calf?

A

In the CNS - brainstem (listeriosis = circling disease)

38
Q

What temperatures does listeria like? how can you use this as a diagnostic?

A

Listeria likes cold - if you take the brain and refrigerate for a couple days, all the other bacteria will die off and this one will remain (contaminants will be suppressed)

39
Q

What species does herpesvirus cause death of fetuses and neonates?

A

Of all species

40
Q

Fetal mummification is associated with viral or bacterial agents?

A

viral

41
Q

Akabane and Cache Valley –> Bunyaviridae

A

Effects ovine and other ruminants; nervous malformation, arthrogryposis

42
Q

Bluetongue is caused by what family of viruses

A

Orbirividae

43
Q

Bluetongue - Orbirividae characteristics

A

occurs in ovines, nervous malformation, arthrogryposis; transmitted via vectors - this tells helps us in our differential list depending on the season

44
Q

Viruses can cause hydrocephalus - what is this?

A

fluid filling space before pushing brain out

45
Q

Viruses can cause hydranencephaly - what is this?

A

Virus is effecting brain tissue - causes loss of brain parenchyma and results in negative space due to brain atrophy that fills up with fluid

46
Q

Viruses can cause lissencephaly - what is this?

A

smooth brain - no gyri or sulci present

47
Q

Anencephaly

A

no brain

48
Q

Viruses can cause cerebellar hypoplasia - what clinical signs are found in an animal with cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

animal won’t be coordinated/can’t coordinate its movements

49
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

neuromuscular porblem causing hyperflexion of the joints (nothing is wrong with the actual joint)

50
Q

What can cause arthrogryposis?

A

viral infections in utero; genetic (charlae and angus cattle), teratogenic plants (tobacco)

51
Q

Herpes viruses cause eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. True of False.

A

True

52
Q

Lesions of herpes virus

A

necrotizing change, lymphoid necrosis of spleen/thymus, hepatic necrosis (multifocal), pulmonary necrosis (multifocal) - equine

53
Q

BVD in bovine, Border disease in ovine, and hog cholera in porcine are all associated with this viral family

A

pestivirus

54
Q

Pestiviruses can cause fetal ____ or ____

A

death or malformation

55
Q

What is significant about day 120 of gestation in cattle?

A

at day 120 - the immune system defines self in cattle

56
Q

What happens if cattle are infected with BVDV before day 120 of gestation?

A

calf defines BVD as self and won’t mount an immune problem - results in a non-cytopathic form of BVDV - and calf becomes persistently infected for is entire life; animal may be weak and undersized because virus is using calf’s machinery to replicate

57
Q

What happens if cattle are infected with BVDV after day 120 of gestation?

A

cytopathic form in utero fetus will die

58
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?

A

Stillbirth Mummification Embryonic Death and Infertility Syndrome

59
Q

SMEDI occurs in?

A

pigs

60
Q

What can cause SMEDI?

A

porcine parvovirus, PRRS (arteriveridae virus)

61
Q

Porcine parvovirus results in intranuclear inclusion bodies in what organs?

A

liver, lung, kidney and cerebellum

62
Q

PRRS causes thumps in piglets. What is thumps?

A

Thumps is dyspnea (difficulty breathing) - caused by interstitial pneumonia

63
Q

What does PRRS do to umbilical cords?

A

hemorrhage in umbilical cords

64
Q

Toxoplasma gondii in ovine

A

Protozoa that comes from cats poop - transmitted via ingestion; results in necrotic, “rice grain” pattern ON cotyledons; causes placentitis; causes leukoencephalomalacia in the fetus

65
Q

Neopsora caninum in dairy cows

A

3-9 months gestation - no lesions; necrosis in the brain and heart with cysts (microscopically)

66
Q

If a cow or horse is vaccinated, will this affect diagnostic results of her fetus after abortion?

A

No, because ruminants and horses have epitheliochoreal placenta and therefore there is no blood transfer between dam and fetus; ruminants and horses get maternal antibodies via colustrum AFTER birth

67
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine

A

mild placentitis, may have severe endometritis –> pyometra; typically results in embryonic death; no fetal lesions; protozoa can be found within abomasal fluids

68
Q

Fungal abortions may be associated with hematogenous spread. How does this happen?

A

Ruminal acidosis –> ruminal ulceration –> allows fungus to get into the blood stream and it spreads

69
Q

Fungal abortions are most commonly associated with what kind of plaques on the skin?

A

tan, white

70
Q

Most common fungus to cause abortion?

A

Aspergillus sp.

71
Q

Fungal abortions are most common in these two animals

A

Bovine (hematogenous), and equine (ascending infection through cervix/cervical star)

72
Q

fetal dermatitis is usually a _____ infection

A

fungal

73
Q

Fescue toxicity is most common in what animal?

A

equine

74
Q

Fescue toxicity results in?

A

agalectia, delayed parturition leading to a large fetus; thickened placenta; premature placental separation during parturition called “Red bag”; this is a hypoxic situation and can result in death. If the fetus survives parturition, it becomes hypoglycemic due to agalactia which also results in death

75
Q

Nitrate toxicosis

A

consumption of plants high in nitrates, or contaminated water (nitrogen fertilizers); chocolate brown blood - no lesions - fetus dies

76
Q

How do you diagnose toxicosis?

A

test nitrate levels in aqueous humor (NOT vitreous)

77
Q

Goiter

A

Consumption of goitrogenic plants (rape, kale); iodine deficiency or excess; enlargement of thyroid glands - disruption of endocrine system; in the fetus - leads to signals coming too early or too late to initiate parturition (if too early - fetus won’t be fully developed, if too late fetus will be too large, and dystocia - difficult delivery)

78
Q

Synophthalmia (cyplia) in ovines is caused by what?

A

Veratrum californicum

79
Q

Synophthalmia in ovines only occurs via ingestion by the dam between which days of gestation?

A

13-15

80
Q

Schistosomas reflexus

A

fetus is born inside out (don’t confuse with situs inversus which is when visceral organs are on opposite sides)

81
Q

Amorphous globosus

A

“fetal monster” - not well formed - big ball of hair

82
Q

Torsion of the umbilical cord can be associated with abortion and happens commonly in which animal?

A

equines (fetus becomes white/blue)

Special Pathology - Repro (3 decks)

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