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Special Pathology - Repro > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Normally, decent of the testes is facilitated by which structure?

A

gubernaculum

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2
Q

What causes cryptorchidism?

A

Androgen dependent regression of the gubernaculum

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3
Q

Is cryptorchidism usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

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4
Q

What sides does cryptorchidism usually affect? Is there an exception for an animal?

A

Most common on right side (but left side in the bovine)

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5
Q

What is the most common disorder of sexual development in the dog?

A

Cryptorchidism

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6
Q

In the horse left sided cryptorchidism is more likely to be ___ vs. inguinal

A

abdominal

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7
Q

In a cryptorchid, testicular atrophy happens when? why? what do they look like?

A

Puberty; temperature is too high; look fibrotic and shrunken

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8
Q

Is cryptorchidism associated with infertility?

A

yes

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9
Q

Cryptorchidism is associated with neoplasia; what kind of neoplasia results if testes is in the abdomen? if in the inguinal area?

A

sertoli if in the abdomen; seminoma if in inguinal area

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10
Q

Testicular Hypoplasia never develops in the first place, and is always due to secondary causes. List these causes.

A

Cryptorchidism; Zn definiciency, genetics; endocrine abnormalities (reduced LH –> leydig cells); reduced FSH –> sertoli cells

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11
Q

Testicular hypoplasia is apparent after?

A

puberty

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12
Q

In a histopathology section of the testes; what is a clue to indicate hypoplasia?

A

no spermiogensisis is observed

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13
Q

Causes of testicular atrophy

A

heat, obstruction, pharaceuticals; hormonal (LH or FST); nutrition

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14
Q

Specifically, what pharmaceuticals can cause testicular atrophy?

A

Amphoteracin B; gentamicins; chemotherapeutic

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15
Q

Specifically what nutrient deficiencies cause testicular atrophy?

A

Vitamin A deficiency, Zinc deficiency; and general malnutrition

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16
Q

Orchitis is the inflammation of the?

A

Testes

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17
Q

What is the sertoli cell barrier?

A

It is the blood-testis barrier that separates sperm cells from the rest of the blood stream.

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18
Q

Why is the sertoli cell barrier important?

A

Sperm cells are haploid compared to the rest of the body and the immune system would therefore respond to them as if foreign, and would attack.

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19
Q

How might the sertoli cell barrier be breached and what are the consequences?

A

Following trauma, neoplasm, infection, vasectomy - this results in autoimmune reactions with anti-spermatozoan antibodies.

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20
Q

What type of inflammatory reaction would occur if the sertoli cell barrier was breached?

A

Granulomatous because the body would treat sperm cells as a foreign body. Foreign body type reactions result in granulomatous inflammation.

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21
Q

What is a spermatocele?

A

Sperm granuloma - foreign body granuloma

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22
Q

Non-specific orchitis occurs in what two species? and presents itself how?

A

Bulls and stallions; no gross lesions, lymphocytic foci between tubules and around vessels

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23
Q

Intratubular orchitis is a result of?

A

Ascending infection (up the urethra); urinary caluli –> urine comes down urethra –> calculus creates turbulent flow –> fluid can come back to edge of penis and bring bacteria inside

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24
Q

Intratubular orchitis grossly presents itself as?

A

poorly defined yellow foci –> firm and white

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25
Q

Orchitis can be caused by these two routes:

A

intratubular origins or hematogenous

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26
Q

What bacteria (mots common in bulls) can cause orchitis?

A

Brucella via hematgenous route

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27
Q

Is Brucella zoonotic?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Brucella in the canis/suis can cause inflammation of what three organs?

A

testis, epididymis, prostate gland

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29
Q

Neoplasms of the male repro system are most common in older animals, and especially in this animal.

A

Bulls

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30
Q

List two term germ cell neoplasms in the male

A

Teratoma; Seminoma

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31
Q

List two gonadal stromal cell neoplasms in the male

A

Leydig cell tumor (interstitial cell tumor); sertoli cell tumor

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32
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in aged stallion?

A

Seminoma

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33
Q

What is the second most common testicular tumor in dogs?

A

Seminoma

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34
Q

Are seminomas common in all species?

A

Rare in most species (only common in horses and dogs)

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35
Q

Seminomas are most prevalent in animals with this condition

A

cryptorchidism

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36
Q

Do seminomas produce hormones?

A

NO

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37
Q

Describe seminomas

A

locally invasive, white pink-tray, and bulging; seldom malignant but can become malignant; surrounding tissues are atrophied

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38
Q

Describe a seminoma histopath

A

Pleomorphic cells, bizarre mitosis

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39
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in the dog, cat, and bull?

A

Leydic cell tumor (interstitial cell tumor)

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40
Q

Are leydig cell tumors common in cryptorchid stallion?

A

no, they are rare

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41
Q

Describe the leydig cell tumor

A

Tan-orange appearance; hemorrhage and tan; well demarcated, non-invasive, encapsulated, almost always benign; questionably hormonally active

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42
Q

describe a leydig cell tumor histopath

A

active golgi, a lot of cytoplasmic vacuoles, a lot of blood vessels, not a lot of mitotic figures

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43
Q

What is the third most common testicular tumor of the dog?

A

Sertoli cell tumor

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44
Q

Sertoli cell tumors are rare in most species, which species is it more common to occur?

A

Dogs, stallions, and shorthorn bulls

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45
Q

Sertoli cell tumors are most common in cryptorchid testicle. True or False.

A

True

46
Q

Is the sertoli cell tumor hormonally active? If so, could this be a problem?

A

Yes! may produce estrogens; 1/3rd produce estrogen which leads to gynecomastia (excessive growth of breath tissue in males); estrogen leads to myelotoxicity, hypothryoidism (bone marrow suppression), alopecia; hyperplasia/metaplasia of prostate

47
Q

Describe a sertoli cell tumor

A

Firm, white fibrous; invades spermatic cord and may metastasize to the iliac lymph node; therefore it is important to look at the spermatic cord

48
Q

Sex cord stromal tumors are usually mixed, what are its components?

A

sertoli and leydig cell components

49
Q

Name three most common testicular tumors and provide descriptions.

A

Seminoma: white, soft, bulging, rarely metastasize;
Sertoli cell tumor: white, firm, and fibrous; rarely metastasize;
Leydig cell tumor: tan-orange, with hemorrhage; typically benign

50
Q

Dermatitis of the scrotum can be caused by:

A

Trauma, frostbite, contact irritation, dermatophilus congolensis and Besnotia besnoiti in the bull; Chorioptes ovis in the ram; habronema and sarcoid in the horse

51
Q

Three neoplasms of the scrotum found in the dog; which is most common?

A

mast cell tumor (most common); melanoma, hemangioma

52
Q

Neoplasm of the scrotum in the bull

A

papilloma

53
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis and is continuous with the peritoneal cavity.

54
Q

What bacteria in rams can cause inflammation of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Brucella ovis/Actinobacilus seminis

55
Q

What agent can cause infalmmation of the tunica vaginalis and bulls, rams and bucks?

A

Trypanosomes

56
Q

Mesotheliomas can be seen in which two animals? Which animal can it extend into the preitoneum

A

Dogs and bulls (extension into peritoneum occurs in dogs)

57
Q

What are mesotheliomas

A

malignant cancer that occurs on the lining of viscera (mesothelial cells) and produce a lot of fluid; due to asbestos; this is a tumor OUTSIDE of the testes

58
Q

Developmental anomalies: outpouching of the mesonephric ducts leads to

A

blind efferent ducts

59
Q

Segmental aplasia occurs in the ___

A

bull

60
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome

A

this is a developmental anomaly that occurs in dogs, pigs, mice, rats and humans; it is hereditary (autosomal recessive); and results in a defective flagellum

61
Q

Epididymitis is most common in which two species?

A

Dogs and ram

62
Q

Acute vs. chronic epididymitis presentation

A

Acute –> soft and swollen; chronic –> firm and enlarged

63
Q

Epididymitis is often associated with sperm ____, but can also be due to ____ and ____.

A

granuloma; trauam and obstruction

64
Q

Adenomyosis means?

A

glands in the muscle

65
Q

Adenomyosis and its association with epididymitis

A

epithelium invades muscular layer –> entrapped spermatozoa; sertoli cell tumors –> estrogen

66
Q

What bacteria in the ram can cause epididymitis?

A

Brucella ovis; Actinobacillus seminis; Histophilus ovis

67
Q

What bacteria in the bull can cause epididymitis?

A

Brucella abortus –> orchitis

68
Q

What bacteria in the dog can cause epididymitis?

A

Brucella canis (idiopathic or sytsemic source) - distemper

69
Q

Seminal vasculitis is most common in the ___, but not present in the ___ and ___.

A

bull; dog and cat

70
Q

What is the most common source of inflammatory cells in bovine semen?

A

Seminal vasculitis

71
Q

Seminal vasculitis can be caused by?

A

Ascending, descending, hematogenous route of infections, malformation

72
Q

Two bacteria that can cause seminal vasculitis in bovine?

A

Brucella abortus; Mycobacterium bovis

73
Q

Two bcateria that can cause seminal vasculitis in the boar?

A

Pseudomonas pseudomallei; Brucella abortus

74
Q

Two bacteria that can cause seminal vasculitis in the ram?

A

Brucella melitensis; Actinobacillus seminis

75
Q

In regards to the prostate, dogs lack what gland?

A

Bulbourethral gland

76
Q

Prostatitis can lead to the obstruction of what structure?

A

Colon

77
Q

Prostatitis is usually due to ascending infections; what is the bacteria that can cause this in dogs?

A

Brucella canis

78
Q

Prostatitis differentials

A

hyperplasia; adenocarcinoma

79
Q

Hyperplasia of the prostate is most common in old ___

A

Dogs

80
Q

Hyperplasia of the prostate is hormone related. Therefore, can it occur in castrated dogs?

A

No

81
Q

Acinar hyperplasia of prostate is due to what hormones?

A

androgens

82
Q

Fibromuscular hyperplasia of prostate is due to which hormone?

A

estrogen (probably from sertoli cell tumor

83
Q

Clovers in rams causes what kind of prostate hyperplasia?

A

firbomuscular

84
Q

Sequelae of prostate hyperplasia?

A

Obstruction of urethra/rectum

85
Q

Hyperplastic prostate diagnostic characteristics

A

Roughly symmetric; the tissue is readily moveable

86
Q

What is the main tumor of the prostate and most common in dogs?

A

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

87
Q

differential dx of prostatic AC is?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

88
Q

Is prostatic AC linked to hyperplasia?

A

Not necessarily; you can have tumor with hyperplasia initially; you can have hyperplasia that turns into a tumor;

89
Q

Is prostatic AC invasive and metastatic?

A

yes

90
Q

Prostatic AC diagnostic features

A

Non-symmetrical enlargement; loss of median raphe; attachment to the pelvic floor (fixed, not moveable)

91
Q

How can you distinguish prostatic AC from hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia: symmetrical MC, still has median raphe, non-invasive;
Prostatic AC: non symmetrical, loss of median raphe, adhered to surrounding tissues, mineralization, necrosis

92
Q

Causes of hypoplasia of penis

A

too early castration, intersex

93
Q

What is a persistent frenulum; what animals can it occur in, and what are the problems?

A

Bulls and boards; The frenulum normally ruptures at puberty; in a persistent frenulum, it connects the penis to the prepuce or to itself (the animal can urinate into the prepuce causing urine scalding)

94
Q

Hypospadias is a ___ opening of the urethra

A

ventral

95
Q

Epispadias is a ____ opening of the urethra

A

dorsal

96
Q

Sequelae of hypospadias/epispadias?

A

urinate into prepuse –> urine scalding - bacT infection; infertility - may not be as big of a problem if occurs near the head of the penis

97
Q

Balanitis means

A

inflammation of the glans penis

98
Q

Posthitis means

A

inflammation of the prepuce

99
Q

Balanoposthitis is common, and the most common cause is due to what agent?

A

herpesvirus

100
Q

What is phimosis/paraphimosis?

A

Tightening at end of prepuce; prevents penis from being retracted or stuck out; paraphimosis = penis is stuck outside; phimosis = penis is stuck inside the prepuce

101
Q

Bovine/Caprine herpesvirus-1 does what to the penis?

A

pustules to 1-2 mm ulcers of the glands penis

102
Q

Equine herpesvirus-3 results in what on the penis?

A

large, 15 mm pustules on the body of the penis

103
Q

Canine herpesvirus results in what with the penis?

A

inflammation at the BASE of the penis, usually no pustuleso r ulcers seen

104
Q

Ovine ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) is caused by what bacteria? what are the predisposing factors?

A

Corynebacterium renale; predisposing factors inculde high protein diet, castration –> mainly affects wethers

105
Q

Habronemiasis in the equine causes what lesions on the penis?

A

nodular bleeding surface

106
Q

Vibriosis and trichomonas (protozoa) can be housed where in the male bovine and transmitted to the female? Are there lesions in the male?

A

prepuce; no lesions or on-specific

107
Q

Transmissible venereal tumor most commonly occurs on what sex organ?

A

penis

108
Q

describe transmissible venereal tumor

A

rarely metastatic; may regress spontaneously

109
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is most common in what species? secondarily in what animal?

A

horse; dog

110
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma

A

invasive, necrotic, slow growing, slow to metastasize

111
Q

Papilloma (fibropapilloma) occurs commonly in ___

A

young bulls

112
Q

Describe lesions of papilloma

A

single or multiple growths; may have ulceration; may avoid future coitus because it may be sexually transmitted between bovids; but usually will regress

Special Pathology - Repro (3 decks)

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